Русская диаспора в Болгарии: проблемы учета мигрантов межвоенного периода
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15826/qr.2020.1.462Ключевые слова:
русская эмиграция в Болгарии; беженцы; русское зарубежье; перепись населения; Ц. Кёсева; Д. Даскалов; М. Йованович; П. ПейковскаАннотация
Представлен историографический обзор новейшей болгарской исторической литературы по вопросу численности русской эмиграции в Болгарии в 1920–1930-е гг. Сопоставлены выводы современных авторов Д. Даскалова, Л. Спасова, Ц. Кёсевой, М. Йовановича, П. Пейковской. Ученые приводят цифры в диапазоне от 20 до 50 тыс. чел. для количественной оценки российской эмиграции в 1922–1923 гг. Для выявления причин разброса проанализированы основные типы источников: официальные сообщения болгарских властей, отчеты Управления по делам русских беженцев при Лиге Наций, эмигрантская периодическая печать, статистические ежегодники и переписи населения. Ввиду запутанности системы регистрации прибывавших русских беженцев и заинтересованности разных сторон в преувеличении масштабов данного процесса, работа со статистическими данными и переписями населения представляется наиболее перспективной для изучения миграции населения не только в Болгарии. Такой подход при анализе движения населения в мире позволит скорректировать утвердившийся как в отечественной, так и в зарубежной историографии тезис о многомиллионной русской диаспоре межвоенного периода.
Библиографические ссылки
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Daskalov, D. (1997). Byalata emigratsiya v B''lgariya [White Emigration in Bulgaria]. Sofia, Universitetskato izdatelstvo "Sveti Kliment Okhridski”. 182 p.
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Kanazirska, M. (1998). Russkaya emigratsiya v kontekste bolgarskoi kul'tury. O predposylkakh dialoga [Russian Emigration in the Context of Bulgarian Culture. On the Prerequisites for Dialogue]. In Slavyanska filologiya. Sofia, Anubis. Vol. 22, pp. 186–199.
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Kosik, V. I. (2007). M. Iovanovich. Russkaya emigratsiya na Balkanakh: 1920–1940 [M. Iovanovich. The Russian Emigration in the Balkans: 1920–1940]. In Slavyanovedenie. No. 4, pp. 85–88.
Lyubenova, L. (2010). Podpomagane na Ruskata pravoslavna ts''rkva v godinite na Vtorata svetovna voina [The Support of the Russian Orthodox Church during the Second World War]. In “Pogaslo dnevnoe svetilo…” Ruskata literaturna emigratsiya v Bylgariya. 1919–1944. Sofia, Profesor Marin Drinov, pp. 403–425.
Mangachev, P. (2015). Dokumentalna istoriya na ruskite bezhantsi v B''lgariya (1919–1944) v 2 t. [The Documentary History of Russian Refugees in Bulgaria (1919–1944). 2 Vols.]. Sofia, Kolbis. Vol. 1. 248 p. Vol. 2. 199 p.
Marar, O. I. (2000). Istoriya rossiiskoi artisticheskoi emigratsii v slavyanskikh stranakh (1918–1939 gody): Chekhoslovakiya, Yugoslaviya, Bolgariya [The History of the Russian Artistic Emigration in the Slavic Countries (1918–1939): Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria]. Avtoref. dis… kand. ist. nauk. Voronezh, S. n. 20 p.
Martynov, A. (2006). Mezhdu Kharbinom i Belgradom [Between Kharbin and Belgrade]. In Novaya gazeta. Ex libris supplement [website]. 8 June. URL: http://www.ng.ru/ng_exlibris/2006–06–08/11_china.html (mode of access: 19.06.2019).
Memorandum po bezhenskim voprosam, predstavlennyi Nansenom F. Mezhdupravitel'stvennoi konferentsii, i svedeniya o kolichestve russkikh emigrantov v raznykh stranakh, 1926 [Memorandum on Refugee Issues Submitted by F. Nansen to the Intergovernmental Conference, and Information on the Number of Russian Emigrants in Different Countries, 1926]. (N. d.). In GARF [State Archive of the Russian Federation]. Stock R‑5764. List 5. Dos. 1.
Memorandum soumis á la Conference intergouvernale pour la question des réfugiés à Genève 10–11 V 1926. Informations statistiques concernent réfugiés. In RGVA [Russian State Military Archive]. Stock 1385k. List 1. Dos. 109.
Mikhneva, R., Grozev, K., Rupcheva, G. (2016). "Malkata Rusiya" na zh''ltite paveta [“Little Russia” on the Yellow Pavestone]. Sofia, Kameya Group ЕООD. 246 p.
Obshchi rezultati ot prebroyavane na naselenieto v Tsarstvo B''lgariya na 31 dekemvri 1926 g. [The General Results of the Population Census of the Kingdom of Bulgaria of 31 December 1926]. (1931). Sofia, Glavna direktsiya na statistikata, D''rzhavna pechatnitsa. Book 1. 303 p.
Panaiotov, P. (1963). Russkite emigranti v B''lgariya i dvizhenieto sred tyakh za vr''shchane v S''vetska Rusiya (1920–1923 gg.) [Russian Émigrés in Bulgaria and the Movement for Return to Soviet Russia among Them (1920–1923)]. In Istoricheski pregled. No. 5, pp. 34–61.
Pchelintseva, T. K., Bendereva, K. D., Rozhkov, S. A., Garistov, V. P. (Eds.). (2011). Russkii nekropol’ v Sofii [The Russian Necropolis in Sofia]. Moscow, Minuvshee. 400 p.
Petrov, M. A., Chak''rov, A. M. (2003). S''zdavane i razvitie na b''lgarskata khirurgiya do 1978 [The Establishment and Development of Bulgarian Surgery before 1978]. Sofia, Koralov i sie. 171 p.
Peykovska, P. (2014a). Prebroyavane, trud i obshchestvo: ruskata emigratsiya v B''lgariya prez 20-te godini na XX v. Ch. 1 [Population Census, Labour and Society: Russian Emigration in Bulgaria in the 1920s. Part 1]. In Istoricheski pregled. No. 3–4, pp. 119–144.
Peykovska, P. (2014b). Prebroyavane, trud i obshchestvo: ruskata emigratsiya v B''lgariya prez 20-te godini na XX v. Ch. 2 [Population Census, Labour and Society: Russian Emigration in Bulgaria in the 1920s. Part 2]. In Istoricheski pregled. No. 5–6, pp. 232–265.
Peykovska, P. (2015). Brachnost, brachna struktura, smeseni brakove sred rusite v B''lgariya prez mezhduvoenniya period [Conjugality, Conjugal Structure, and Mixed Marriages among Russians in Bulgaria in the Interwar Period]. In Demeter, G., Peykovska, P. (Eds.). Shared Pasts in Central and Southeast Europe, 17th–21st Centuries: Hungarian and Bulgarian Approaches. Sofia, Budapest, S. n., pp. 228–255.
Peykovska, P. (2016). Russkaya intelligentsiya v Bolgarii v 20-e gody XX v.: sotsial'noprofessional'naya struktura [Russian Intellectuals in Bulgaria in the 1920s: Social and Professional Structure] / transl. by N. S. Gusev. In Istoricheskaya bolgaristika. K 100-letiyu so dnya rozhdeniya professora L. B. Valeva. Moscow, Institut slavyanovedeniya RAN, pp. 270–284.
Peykovska, P. (2017). Profesionalna realizatsiya i sotsialna integratsiya na ruskata imigrantska inteligentsiya v B''lgariya prez 20-te godini na XX vek [Professional Realisation and Social Integration of Russian Immigrant Intellectuals in Bulgaria in the 1920s]. In Izvestiya na Instituta za istoricheski izsledvaniya. No. 1, pp. 170–182.
Prebroyavane na 31 dekemvrii 1934 g. Sofia. Naselenie [The Population Census on 31 December 1934. Sofia. Population]. (1936). Sofia, Glavna direktsiya na statistikata, D''rzhavna pechatnitsa. 53 p.
Pushkareva, N. L. (1996). Vozniknovenie i formirovanie rossiiskoi diaspory za rubezhom [The Emergence and Formation of the Russian Diaspora Abroad]. In Otechestvennaya istoriya. No. 1, pp. 53–58.
Rozhkov, S. (2009). Sovremennye organizatsii rossiiskikh sootechestvennikov v Bolgarii [Contemporary Organisations of Russian Compatriots in Bulgaria]. In Rozhkov, S. (Ed.). Russkoe zarubezh'e v Bolgarii: istoriya i sovremennost'. Sofia, Russkii akademicheskii soyuz v Bolgarii, pp. 208–217.
Rozhkov, S. (Ed.). (2009). Russkoe zarubezh'e v Bolgarii: istoriya i sovremennost' [Russian Abroad in Bulgaria: History and Present]. Sofia, Russkii akademicheskii soyuz v Bolgarii. 318 p.
Rozhkov, S., Minkova, M. (2009). Sovremennye sredstva massovoi informatsii russkogo zarubezhiya v Bolgarii [The Modern Mass Media of the Russian Abroad in Bulgaria]. In Rozhkov, S. (Ed.). Russkoe zarubezh'e v Bolgarii: istoriya i sovremennost'. Sofia, Russkii akademicheskii soyuz v Bolgarii, pp. 114–119.
Rusev, R. (Ed.). (2012). Periodika na ruskata emigratsiya v B''lgariya (1920–1943): entsiklopedichen spravochnik [The Periodical Press of the Russian Emigration in Bulgaria (1920–1943)]. Sofia, Boyan Penev. 764 p.
Rusev, R., Lyutskanov, J., Manolakev, Kh. (Eds). (2010). “Pogaslo dnevnoe svetilo…”. Ruskata literaturna emigratsiya v B''lgariya. 1919–1944 [“The Star of the Day Has Declined…”. Russian Literary Emigration in Bulgaria. 1919–1944]. Sofia, Profesor Marin Drinov. 461 p.
Spasov, L. I. (1999). Vrangelovata armiya v B''lgariya 1919–1923 g. [The Wrangel Army in Bulgaria, 1919–1923]. Sofia, Universitetskoto izdatelstvo "Sveti Kliment Okhridski“. 244 p.
Spasov, L. I. (2008). B''lgariya i SSSR. 1917–1944 g. (Politiko-diplomaticheski otnosheniya) [Bulgaria and the USSR. 1917–1944. (Political and Diplomatic Relations)]. Veliko T''rnovo, Faber. 550 p.
Veleva, M. (1998). Ruskata universitetska emigratsiya v B''lgariya [Russian University Emigration in Bulgaria]. In Daritelete Evlogii i Khristo Georgievi. Sofia, Lik, pp. 235–260.
Veleva, M. N. (2004). B''lgarskata s''dba na profesora P. M. Bitsilli [The Bulgarian Path of Professor P. M. Bizilli]. Sofia, Gutenberg. 163 p.
Daskalov, D. (1996). Izdatel'skaya deyatel'nost' russkikh emigrantov v Bolgarii [Publishing Activity of Russian Émigrés in Bulgaria]. In Slavyanovedenie. No. 5, pp. 84–97.
Daskalov, D. (1997). Byalata emigratsiya v B''lgariya [White Emigration in Bulgaria]. Sofia, Universitetskato izdatelstvo "Sveti Kliment Okhridski”. 182 p.
Dertlieva-Kiselinovska, A. (2001). N. O. Masalitinov i b''lgarskiyat teat''r [N. O. Masalitinov and the Bulgarian Theatre]. In Byalata emigratsiya v B''lgariya. Sofia, Gutenberg, pp. 256–263.
Dimitrov, I. Zh. (2000). Profesor N. N. Glubokovski i novozavetnoto bogoslovie v B''lgariya [Professor N. N. Glubokovsky and New Testament Theology in Bulgaria]. In Dukhovna kultura. Vol. 80. No. 4, pp. 3–8.
Dni i knigi Anny Kuznetsovoi [Days and Books of Anna Kuznetsova]. (2006). In Znamya [website]. No. 7. URL: http://znamlit.ru/publication.php?id=3028 (mode of access: 19.06.2019).
Iliev, E., Stoyanova, P. (1991). “Politicheski opasni litsa”: V''dvoryavaniya, trudova mobilizatsiya, izselvaniya v Bylgariya sled 1944 g. [“Politically Dangerous Persons”: Deportations, Labour Mobilisation and Evictions in Bulgaria after 1944]. Sofia, Universitetsko izdatelstvo “Sveti Kliment Okhridski”. 187 p.
Iovanovich, M. (2005). Russkaya emigratsiya na Balkanakh: 1920–1940 [Russian Emigration in the Balkans: 1920–1940]. Moscow, Biblioteka-fond “Russkoe Zarubezh'e”, Russkii put'. 488 p.
Kanazirska, M. (1998). Russkaya emigratsiya v kontekste bolgarskoi kul'tury. O predposylkakh dialoga [Russian Emigration in the Context of Bulgarian Culture. On the Prerequisites for Dialogue]. In Slavyanska filologiya. Sofia, Anubis. Vol. 22, pp. 186–199.
Keseva, Ts. (1996). Russkie khudozhniki-emigranty v Bolgarii [Russian Émigré Painters in Bulgaria]. In Slavyanovedenie. No. 4, pp. 11–23.
Keseva, Ts. (1999). Russkie emigrantskie organizatsii v Bolgarii [Russian Émigré Organisations in Bulgaria]. In Russkie v Bolgarii. Sofia, Soyuz russkikh invalidov, Russkii fond miloserdiya i kul'tury, pp. 45–64.
Keseva, Ts. (2002). Ruskata emigratsiya v B''lgariya (20-te – 50-te godini na ХХ v.) [The Russian Emigration in Bulgaria (1920s–1950s]. Sofia, Mezhdunarodny tsent''r po problemite na maltsinstvata i kulturnite vzaimodeistviya. 591 p.
Keseva, Ts. (2008). Bolgariya i russkaya emigratsiya. 1920–1950-e gody. [Bulgaria and Russian Emigration. 1920s–1950s]. Moscow, Biblioteka-fond “Russkoe Zarubezh'e”, Russkii put'. 310 p.
Khodkevich, L. E. (2000). Vse edno, che ne sme chast ot b''lgarskoto obshchestvo. Razgovor s predstavitelem na S''yuza na ruskite belogvardetsi i tekhnite potomtsi v Bylgariya [As If We Are Not Part of Bulgarian Society: A Conversation with the Head of the Union of Russian White Guards and Their Descendants in Bulgaria] / Interview by E. Matein. In Etnoreporter. No. 5, pp. 43–44.
Kosik, V. I. (2007). M. Iovanovich. Russkaya emigratsiya na Balkanakh: 1920–1940 [M. Iovanovich. The Russian Emigration in the Balkans: 1920–1940]. In Slavyanovedenie. No. 4, pp. 85–88.
Lyubenova, L. (2010). Podpomagane na Ruskata pravoslavna ts''rkva v godinite na Vtorata svetovna voina [The Support of the Russian Orthodox Church during the Second World War]. In “Pogaslo dnevnoe svetilo…” Ruskata literaturna emigratsiya v Bylgariya. 1919–1944. Sofia, Profesor Marin Drinov, pp. 403–425.
Mangachev, P. (2015). Dokumentalna istoriya na ruskite bezhantsi v B''lgariya (1919–1944) v 2 t. [The Documentary History of Russian Refugees in Bulgaria (1919–1944). 2 Vols.]. Sofia, Kolbis. Vol. 1. 248 p. Vol. 2. 199 p.
Marar, O. I. (2000). Istoriya rossiiskoi artisticheskoi emigratsii v slavyanskikh stranakh (1918–1939 gody): Chekhoslovakiya, Yugoslaviya, Bolgariya [The History of the Russian Artistic Emigration in the Slavic Countries (1918–1939): Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria]. Avtoref. dis… kand. ist. nauk. Voronezh, S. n. 20 p.
Martynov, A. (2006). Mezhdu Kharbinom i Belgradom [Between Kharbin and Belgrade]. In Novaya gazeta. Ex libris supplement [website]. 8 June. URL: http://www.ng.ru/ng_exlibris/2006–06–08/11_china.html (mode of access: 19.06.2019).
Memorandum po bezhenskim voprosam, predstavlennyi Nansenom F. Mezhdupravitel'stvennoi konferentsii, i svedeniya o kolichestve russkikh emigrantov v raznykh stranakh, 1926 [Memorandum on Refugee Issues Submitted by F. Nansen to the Intergovernmental Conference, and Information on the Number of Russian Emigrants in Different Countries, 1926]. (N. d.). In GARF [State Archive of the Russian Federation]. Stock R‑5764. List 5. Dos. 1.
Memorandum soumis á la Conference intergouvernale pour la question des réfugiés à Genève 10–11 V 1926. Informations statistiques concernent réfugiés. In RGVA [Russian State Military Archive]. Stock 1385k. List 1. Dos. 109.
Mikhneva, R., Grozev, K., Rupcheva, G. (2016). "Malkata Rusiya" na zh''ltite paveta [“Little Russia” on the Yellow Pavestone]. Sofia, Kameya Group ЕООD. 246 p.
Obshchi rezultati ot prebroyavane na naselenieto v Tsarstvo B''lgariya na 31 dekemvri 1926 g. [The General Results of the Population Census of the Kingdom of Bulgaria of 31 December 1926]. (1931). Sofia, Glavna direktsiya na statistikata, D''rzhavna pechatnitsa. Book 1. 303 p.
Panaiotov, P. (1963). Russkite emigranti v B''lgariya i dvizhenieto sred tyakh za vr''shchane v S''vetska Rusiya (1920–1923 gg.) [Russian Émigrés in Bulgaria and the Movement for Return to Soviet Russia among Them (1920–1923)]. In Istoricheski pregled. No. 5, pp. 34–61.
Pchelintseva, T. K., Bendereva, K. D., Rozhkov, S. A., Garistov, V. P. (Eds.). (2011). Russkii nekropol’ v Sofii [The Russian Necropolis in Sofia]. Moscow, Minuvshee. 400 p.
Petrov, M. A., Chak''rov, A. M. (2003). S''zdavane i razvitie na b''lgarskata khirurgiya do 1978 [The Establishment and Development of Bulgarian Surgery before 1978]. Sofia, Koralov i sie. 171 p.
Peykovska, P. (2014a). Prebroyavane, trud i obshchestvo: ruskata emigratsiya v B''lgariya prez 20-te godini na XX v. Ch. 1 [Population Census, Labour and Society: Russian Emigration in Bulgaria in the 1920s. Part 1]. In Istoricheski pregled. No. 3–4, pp. 119–144.
Peykovska, P. (2014b). Prebroyavane, trud i obshchestvo: ruskata emigratsiya v B''lgariya prez 20-te godini na XX v. Ch. 2 [Population Census, Labour and Society: Russian Emigration in Bulgaria in the 1920s. Part 2]. In Istoricheski pregled. No. 5–6, pp. 232–265.
Peykovska, P. (2015). Brachnost, brachna struktura, smeseni brakove sred rusite v B''lgariya prez mezhduvoenniya period [Conjugality, Conjugal Structure, and Mixed Marriages among Russians in Bulgaria in the Interwar Period]. In Demeter, G., Peykovska, P. (Eds.). Shared Pasts in Central and Southeast Europe, 17th–21st Centuries: Hungarian and Bulgarian Approaches. Sofia, Budapest, S. n., pp. 228–255.
Peykovska, P. (2016). Russkaya intelligentsiya v Bolgarii v 20-e gody XX v.: sotsial'noprofessional'naya struktura [Russian Intellectuals in Bulgaria in the 1920s: Social and Professional Structure] / transl. by N. S. Gusev. In Istoricheskaya bolgaristika. K 100-letiyu so dnya rozhdeniya professora L. B. Valeva. Moscow, Institut slavyanovedeniya RAN, pp. 270–284.
Peykovska, P. (2017). Profesionalna realizatsiya i sotsialna integratsiya na ruskata imigrantska inteligentsiya v B''lgariya prez 20-te godini na XX vek [Professional Realisation and Social Integration of Russian Immigrant Intellectuals in Bulgaria in the 1920s]. In Izvestiya na Instituta za istoricheski izsledvaniya. No. 1, pp. 170–182.
Prebroyavane na 31 dekemvrii 1934 g. Sofia. Naselenie [The Population Census on 31 December 1934. Sofia. Population]. (1936). Sofia, Glavna direktsiya na statistikata, D''rzhavna pechatnitsa. 53 p.
Pushkareva, N. L. (1996). Vozniknovenie i formirovanie rossiiskoi diaspory za rubezhom [The Emergence and Formation of the Russian Diaspora Abroad]. In Otechestvennaya istoriya. No. 1, pp. 53–58.
Rozhkov, S. (2009). Sovremennye organizatsii rossiiskikh sootechestvennikov v Bolgarii [Contemporary Organisations of Russian Compatriots in Bulgaria]. In Rozhkov, S. (Ed.). Russkoe zarubezh'e v Bolgarii: istoriya i sovremennost'. Sofia, Russkii akademicheskii soyuz v Bolgarii, pp. 208–217.
Rozhkov, S. (Ed.). (2009). Russkoe zarubezh'e v Bolgarii: istoriya i sovremennost' [Russian Abroad in Bulgaria: History and Present]. Sofia, Russkii akademicheskii soyuz v Bolgarii. 318 p.
Rozhkov, S., Minkova, M. (2009). Sovremennye sredstva massovoi informatsii russkogo zarubezhiya v Bolgarii [The Modern Mass Media of the Russian Abroad in Bulgaria]. In Rozhkov, S. (Ed.). Russkoe zarubezh'e v Bolgarii: istoriya i sovremennost'. Sofia, Russkii akademicheskii soyuz v Bolgarii, pp. 114–119.
Rusev, R. (Ed.). (2012). Periodika na ruskata emigratsiya v B''lgariya (1920–1943): entsiklopedichen spravochnik [The Periodical Press of the Russian Emigration in Bulgaria (1920–1943)]. Sofia, Boyan Penev. 764 p.
Rusev, R., Lyutskanov, J., Manolakev, Kh. (Eds). (2010). “Pogaslo dnevnoe svetilo…”. Ruskata literaturna emigratsiya v B''lgariya. 1919–1944 [“The Star of the Day Has Declined…”. Russian Literary Emigration in Bulgaria. 1919–1944]. Sofia, Profesor Marin Drinov. 461 p.
Spasov, L. I. (1999). Vrangelovata armiya v B''lgariya 1919–1923 g. [The Wrangel Army in Bulgaria, 1919–1923]. Sofia, Universitetskoto izdatelstvo "Sveti Kliment Okhridski“. 244 p.
Spasov, L. I. (2008). B''lgariya i SSSR. 1917–1944 g. (Politiko-diplomaticheski otnosheniya) [Bulgaria and the USSR. 1917–1944. (Political and Diplomatic Relations)]. Veliko T''rnovo, Faber. 550 p.
Veleva, M. (1998). Ruskata universitetska emigratsiya v B''lgariya [Russian University Emigration in Bulgaria]. In Daritelete Evlogii i Khristo Georgievi. Sofia, Lik, pp. 235–260.
Veleva, M. N. (2004). B''lgarskata s''dba na profesora P. M. Bitsilli [The Bulgarian Path of Professor P. M. Bizilli]. Sofia, Gutenberg. 163 p.
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Опубликован
2020-04-01
Как цитировать
Khrisanfov, V., & Turygina, N. (2020). Русская диаспора в Болгарии: проблемы учета мигрантов межвоенного периода. Quaestio Rossica, 8(1), 283–294. https://doi.org/10.15826/qr.2020.1.462
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