The Russian Diaspora in Bulgaria: Issues of Migration Registration in the Interwar Period
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15826/qr.2020.1.462Keywords:
Russian emigration in Bulgaria; refugees; Russia abroad; population census; Ts. Keseva; D. Daskalov; M. Jovanovic; P. PeykovskaAbstract
This article is a historiographical review of the recent Bulgarian historical literature regarding estimates of the number of Russian emigrants in Bulgaria between the 1920s and 1930s. Figures mentioned by contemporary researchers D. Daskalov, L. Spasov, Ts. Keseva, M. Jovanovic, and P. Peykovska estimate that there were from 20,000 to 50,000 Russian migrants in Bulgaria in 1922–1923. In order to explain this discrepancy, the authors of the article analyse different types of sources, i. e. official reports of the Bulgarian authorities, reports of the Office for Russian Refugees under the League of Nations, émigré periodicals, statistical yearbooks, and censuses. Due to the lack of registration of Russian refugees arriving in the country and the interest of different parties in exaggerating the magnitude of the process, working with statistics and censuses seems to be the most promising approach in the study of migration not only in Bulgaria but also in any other country with a Russian diaspora. According to the authors of this brief review, this approach to the analysis of population movement will help correct the thesis of the multi-million Russian diaspora of the interwar period, which is established both in Russian and foreign historiography.
References
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Daskalov, D. (1997). Byalata emigratsiya v B''lgariya [White Emigration in Bulgaria]. Sofia, Universitetskato izdatelstvo "Sveti Kliment Okhridski”. 182 p.
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Lyubenova, L. (2010). Podpomagane na Ruskata pravoslavna ts''rkva v godinite na Vtorata svetovna voina [The Support of the Russian Orthodox Church during the Second World War]. In “Pogaslo dnevnoe svetilo…” Ruskata literaturna emigratsiya v Bylgariya. 1919–1944. Sofia, Profesor Marin Drinov, pp. 403–425.
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Marar, O. I. (2000). Istoriya rossiiskoi artisticheskoi emigratsii v slavyanskikh stranakh (1918–1939 gody): Chekhoslovakiya, Yugoslaviya, Bolgariya [The History of the Russian Artistic Emigration in the Slavic Countries (1918–1939): Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria]. Avtoref. dis… kand. ist. nauk. Voronezh, S. n. 20 p.
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Mikhneva, R., Grozev, K., Rupcheva, G. (2016). "Malkata Rusiya" na zh''ltite paveta [“Little Russia” on the Yellow Pavestone]. Sofia, Kameya Group ЕООD. 246 p.
Obshchi rezultati ot prebroyavane na naselenieto v Tsarstvo B''lgariya na 31 dekemvri 1926 g. [The General Results of the Population Census of the Kingdom of Bulgaria of 31 December 1926]. (1931). Sofia, Glavna direktsiya na statistikata, D''rzhavna pechatnitsa. Book 1. 303 p.
Panaiotov, P. (1963). Russkite emigranti v B''lgariya i dvizhenieto sred tyakh za vr''shchane v S''vetska Rusiya (1920–1923 gg.) [Russian Émigrés in Bulgaria and the Movement for Return to Soviet Russia among Them (1920–1923)]. In Istoricheski pregled. No. 5, pp. 34–61.
Pchelintseva, T. K., Bendereva, K. D., Rozhkov, S. A., Garistov, V. P. (Eds.). (2011). Russkii nekropol’ v Sofii [The Russian Necropolis in Sofia]. Moscow, Minuvshee. 400 p.
Petrov, M. A., Chak''rov, A. M. (2003). S''zdavane i razvitie na b''lgarskata khirurgiya do 1978 [The Establishment and Development of Bulgarian Surgery before 1978]. Sofia, Koralov i sie. 171 p.
Peykovska, P. (2014a). Prebroyavane, trud i obshchestvo: ruskata emigratsiya v B''lgariya prez 20-te godini na XX v. Ch. 1 [Population Census, Labour and Society: Russian Emigration in Bulgaria in the 1920s. Part 1]. In Istoricheski pregled. No. 3–4, pp. 119–144.
Peykovska, P. (2014b). Prebroyavane, trud i obshchestvo: ruskata emigratsiya v B''lgariya prez 20-te godini na XX v. Ch. 2 [Population Census, Labour and Society: Russian Emigration in Bulgaria in the 1920s. Part 2]. In Istoricheski pregled. No. 5–6, pp. 232–265.
Peykovska, P. (2015). Brachnost, brachna struktura, smeseni brakove sred rusite v B''lgariya prez mezhduvoenniya period [Conjugality, Conjugal Structure, and Mixed Marriages among Russians in Bulgaria in the Interwar Period]. In Demeter, G., Peykovska, P. (Eds.). Shared Pasts in Central and Southeast Europe, 17th–21st Centuries: Hungarian and Bulgarian Approaches. Sofia, Budapest, S. n., pp. 228–255.
Peykovska, P. (2016). Russkaya intelligentsiya v Bolgarii v 20-e gody XX v.: sotsial'noprofessional'naya struktura [Russian Intellectuals in Bulgaria in the 1920s: Social and Professional Structure] / transl. by N. S. Gusev. In Istoricheskaya bolgaristika. K 100-letiyu so dnya rozhdeniya professora L. B. Valeva. Moscow, Institut slavyanovedeniya RAN, pp. 270–284.
Peykovska, P. (2017). Profesionalna realizatsiya i sotsialna integratsiya na ruskata imigrantska inteligentsiya v B''lgariya prez 20-te godini na XX vek [Professional Realisation and Social Integration of Russian Immigrant Intellectuals in Bulgaria in the 1920s]. In Izvestiya na Instituta za istoricheski izsledvaniya. No. 1, pp. 170–182.
Prebroyavane na 31 dekemvrii 1934 g. Sofia. Naselenie [The Population Census on 31 December 1934. Sofia. Population]. (1936). Sofia, Glavna direktsiya na statistikata, D''rzhavna pechatnitsa. 53 p.
Pushkareva, N. L. (1996). Vozniknovenie i formirovanie rossiiskoi diaspory za rubezhom [The Emergence and Formation of the Russian Diaspora Abroad]. In Otechestvennaya istoriya. No. 1, pp. 53–58.
Rozhkov, S. (2009). Sovremennye organizatsii rossiiskikh sootechestvennikov v Bolgarii [Contemporary Organisations of Russian Compatriots in Bulgaria]. In Rozhkov, S. (Ed.). Russkoe zarubezh'e v Bolgarii: istoriya i sovremennost'. Sofia, Russkii akademicheskii soyuz v Bolgarii, pp. 208–217.
Rozhkov, S. (Ed.). (2009). Russkoe zarubezh'e v Bolgarii: istoriya i sovremennost' [Russian Abroad in Bulgaria: History and Present]. Sofia, Russkii akademicheskii soyuz v Bolgarii. 318 p.
Rozhkov, S., Minkova, M. (2009). Sovremennye sredstva massovoi informatsii russkogo zarubezhiya v Bolgarii [The Modern Mass Media of the Russian Abroad in Bulgaria]. In Rozhkov, S. (Ed.). Russkoe zarubezh'e v Bolgarii: istoriya i sovremennost'. Sofia, Russkii akademicheskii soyuz v Bolgarii, pp. 114–119.
Rusev, R. (Ed.). (2012). Periodika na ruskata emigratsiya v B''lgariya (1920–1943): entsiklopedichen spravochnik [The Periodical Press of the Russian Emigration in Bulgaria (1920–1943)]. Sofia, Boyan Penev. 764 p.
Rusev, R., Lyutskanov, J., Manolakev, Kh. (Eds). (2010). “Pogaslo dnevnoe svetilo…”. Ruskata literaturna emigratsiya v B''lgariya. 1919–1944 [“The Star of the Day Has Declined…”. Russian Literary Emigration in Bulgaria. 1919–1944]. Sofia, Profesor Marin Drinov. 461 p.
Spasov, L. I. (1999). Vrangelovata armiya v B''lgariya 1919–1923 g. [The Wrangel Army in Bulgaria, 1919–1923]. Sofia, Universitetskoto izdatelstvo "Sveti Kliment Okhridski“. 244 p.
Spasov, L. I. (2008). B''lgariya i SSSR. 1917–1944 g. (Politiko-diplomaticheski otnosheniya) [Bulgaria and the USSR. 1917–1944. (Political and Diplomatic Relations)]. Veliko T''rnovo, Faber. 550 p.
Veleva, M. (1998). Ruskata universitetska emigratsiya v B''lgariya [Russian University Emigration in Bulgaria]. In Daritelete Evlogii i Khristo Georgievi. Sofia, Lik, pp. 235–260.
Veleva, M. N. (2004). B''lgarskata s''dba na profesora P. M. Bitsilli [The Bulgarian Path of Professor P. M. Bizilli]. Sofia, Gutenberg. 163 p.
Daskalov, D. (1996). Izdatel'skaya deyatel'nost' russkikh emigrantov v Bolgarii [Publishing Activity of Russian Émigrés in Bulgaria]. In Slavyanovedenie. No. 5, pp. 84–97.
Daskalov, D. (1997). Byalata emigratsiya v B''lgariya [White Emigration in Bulgaria]. Sofia, Universitetskato izdatelstvo "Sveti Kliment Okhridski”. 182 p.
Dertlieva-Kiselinovska, A. (2001). N. O. Masalitinov i b''lgarskiyat teat''r [N. O. Masalitinov and the Bulgarian Theatre]. In Byalata emigratsiya v B''lgariya. Sofia, Gutenberg, pp. 256–263.
Dimitrov, I. Zh. (2000). Profesor N. N. Glubokovski i novozavetnoto bogoslovie v B''lgariya [Professor N. N. Glubokovsky and New Testament Theology in Bulgaria]. In Dukhovna kultura. Vol. 80. No. 4, pp. 3–8.
Dni i knigi Anny Kuznetsovoi [Days and Books of Anna Kuznetsova]. (2006). In Znamya [website]. No. 7. URL: http://znamlit.ru/publication.php?id=3028 (mode of access: 19.06.2019).
Iliev, E., Stoyanova, P. (1991). “Politicheski opasni litsa”: V''dvoryavaniya, trudova mobilizatsiya, izselvaniya v Bylgariya sled 1944 g. [“Politically Dangerous Persons”: Deportations, Labour Mobilisation and Evictions in Bulgaria after 1944]. Sofia, Universitetsko izdatelstvo “Sveti Kliment Okhridski”. 187 p.
Iovanovich, M. (2005). Russkaya emigratsiya na Balkanakh: 1920–1940 [Russian Emigration in the Balkans: 1920–1940]. Moscow, Biblioteka-fond “Russkoe Zarubezh'e”, Russkii put'. 488 p.
Kanazirska, M. (1998). Russkaya emigratsiya v kontekste bolgarskoi kul'tury. O predposylkakh dialoga [Russian Emigration in the Context of Bulgarian Culture. On the Prerequisites for Dialogue]. In Slavyanska filologiya. Sofia, Anubis. Vol. 22, pp. 186–199.
Keseva, Ts. (1996). Russkie khudozhniki-emigranty v Bolgarii [Russian Émigré Painters in Bulgaria]. In Slavyanovedenie. No. 4, pp. 11–23.
Keseva, Ts. (1999). Russkie emigrantskie organizatsii v Bolgarii [Russian Émigré Organisations in Bulgaria]. In Russkie v Bolgarii. Sofia, Soyuz russkikh invalidov, Russkii fond miloserdiya i kul'tury, pp. 45–64.
Keseva, Ts. (2002). Ruskata emigratsiya v B''lgariya (20-te – 50-te godini na ХХ v.) [The Russian Emigration in Bulgaria (1920s–1950s]. Sofia, Mezhdunarodny tsent''r po problemite na maltsinstvata i kulturnite vzaimodeistviya. 591 p.
Keseva, Ts. (2008). Bolgariya i russkaya emigratsiya. 1920–1950-e gody. [Bulgaria and Russian Emigration. 1920s–1950s]. Moscow, Biblioteka-fond “Russkoe Zarubezh'e”, Russkii put'. 310 p.
Khodkevich, L. E. (2000). Vse edno, che ne sme chast ot b''lgarskoto obshchestvo. Razgovor s predstavitelem na S''yuza na ruskite belogvardetsi i tekhnite potomtsi v Bylgariya [As If We Are Not Part of Bulgarian Society: A Conversation with the Head of the Union of Russian White Guards and Their Descendants in Bulgaria] / Interview by E. Matein. In Etnoreporter. No. 5, pp. 43–44.
Kosik, V. I. (2007). M. Iovanovich. Russkaya emigratsiya na Balkanakh: 1920–1940 [M. Iovanovich. The Russian Emigration in the Balkans: 1920–1940]. In Slavyanovedenie. No. 4, pp. 85–88.
Lyubenova, L. (2010). Podpomagane na Ruskata pravoslavna ts''rkva v godinite na Vtorata svetovna voina [The Support of the Russian Orthodox Church during the Second World War]. In “Pogaslo dnevnoe svetilo…” Ruskata literaturna emigratsiya v Bylgariya. 1919–1944. Sofia, Profesor Marin Drinov, pp. 403–425.
Mangachev, P. (2015). Dokumentalna istoriya na ruskite bezhantsi v B''lgariya (1919–1944) v 2 t. [The Documentary History of Russian Refugees in Bulgaria (1919–1944). 2 Vols.]. Sofia, Kolbis. Vol. 1. 248 p. Vol. 2. 199 p.
Marar, O. I. (2000). Istoriya rossiiskoi artisticheskoi emigratsii v slavyanskikh stranakh (1918–1939 gody): Chekhoslovakiya, Yugoslaviya, Bolgariya [The History of the Russian Artistic Emigration in the Slavic Countries (1918–1939): Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria]. Avtoref. dis… kand. ist. nauk. Voronezh, S. n. 20 p.
Martynov, A. (2006). Mezhdu Kharbinom i Belgradom [Between Kharbin and Belgrade]. In Novaya gazeta. Ex libris supplement [website]. 8 June. URL: http://www.ng.ru/ng_exlibris/2006–06–08/11_china.html (mode of access: 19.06.2019).
Memorandum po bezhenskim voprosam, predstavlennyi Nansenom F. Mezhdupravitel'stvennoi konferentsii, i svedeniya o kolichestve russkikh emigrantov v raznykh stranakh, 1926 [Memorandum on Refugee Issues Submitted by F. Nansen to the Intergovernmental Conference, and Information on the Number of Russian Emigrants in Different Countries, 1926]. (N. d.). In GARF [State Archive of the Russian Federation]. Stock R‑5764. List 5. Dos. 1.
Memorandum soumis á la Conference intergouvernale pour la question des réfugiés à Genève 10–11 V 1926. Informations statistiques concernent réfugiés. In RGVA [Russian State Military Archive]. Stock 1385k. List 1. Dos. 109.
Mikhneva, R., Grozev, K., Rupcheva, G. (2016). "Malkata Rusiya" na zh''ltite paveta [“Little Russia” on the Yellow Pavestone]. Sofia, Kameya Group ЕООD. 246 p.
Obshchi rezultati ot prebroyavane na naselenieto v Tsarstvo B''lgariya na 31 dekemvri 1926 g. [The General Results of the Population Census of the Kingdom of Bulgaria of 31 December 1926]. (1931). Sofia, Glavna direktsiya na statistikata, D''rzhavna pechatnitsa. Book 1. 303 p.
Panaiotov, P. (1963). Russkite emigranti v B''lgariya i dvizhenieto sred tyakh za vr''shchane v S''vetska Rusiya (1920–1923 gg.) [Russian Émigrés in Bulgaria and the Movement for Return to Soviet Russia among Them (1920–1923)]. In Istoricheski pregled. No. 5, pp. 34–61.
Pchelintseva, T. K., Bendereva, K. D., Rozhkov, S. A., Garistov, V. P. (Eds.). (2011). Russkii nekropol’ v Sofii [The Russian Necropolis in Sofia]. Moscow, Minuvshee. 400 p.
Petrov, M. A., Chak''rov, A. M. (2003). S''zdavane i razvitie na b''lgarskata khirurgiya do 1978 [The Establishment and Development of Bulgarian Surgery before 1978]. Sofia, Koralov i sie. 171 p.
Peykovska, P. (2014a). Prebroyavane, trud i obshchestvo: ruskata emigratsiya v B''lgariya prez 20-te godini na XX v. Ch. 1 [Population Census, Labour and Society: Russian Emigration in Bulgaria in the 1920s. Part 1]. In Istoricheski pregled. No. 3–4, pp. 119–144.
Peykovska, P. (2014b). Prebroyavane, trud i obshchestvo: ruskata emigratsiya v B''lgariya prez 20-te godini na XX v. Ch. 2 [Population Census, Labour and Society: Russian Emigration in Bulgaria in the 1920s. Part 2]. In Istoricheski pregled. No. 5–6, pp. 232–265.
Peykovska, P. (2015). Brachnost, brachna struktura, smeseni brakove sred rusite v B''lgariya prez mezhduvoenniya period [Conjugality, Conjugal Structure, and Mixed Marriages among Russians in Bulgaria in the Interwar Period]. In Demeter, G., Peykovska, P. (Eds.). Shared Pasts in Central and Southeast Europe, 17th–21st Centuries: Hungarian and Bulgarian Approaches. Sofia, Budapest, S. n., pp. 228–255.
Peykovska, P. (2016). Russkaya intelligentsiya v Bolgarii v 20-e gody XX v.: sotsial'noprofessional'naya struktura [Russian Intellectuals in Bulgaria in the 1920s: Social and Professional Structure] / transl. by N. S. Gusev. In Istoricheskaya bolgaristika. K 100-letiyu so dnya rozhdeniya professora L. B. Valeva. Moscow, Institut slavyanovedeniya RAN, pp. 270–284.
Peykovska, P. (2017). Profesionalna realizatsiya i sotsialna integratsiya na ruskata imigrantska inteligentsiya v B''lgariya prez 20-te godini na XX vek [Professional Realisation and Social Integration of Russian Immigrant Intellectuals in Bulgaria in the 1920s]. In Izvestiya na Instituta za istoricheski izsledvaniya. No. 1, pp. 170–182.
Prebroyavane na 31 dekemvrii 1934 g. Sofia. Naselenie [The Population Census on 31 December 1934. Sofia. Population]. (1936). Sofia, Glavna direktsiya na statistikata, D''rzhavna pechatnitsa. 53 p.
Pushkareva, N. L. (1996). Vozniknovenie i formirovanie rossiiskoi diaspory za rubezhom [The Emergence and Formation of the Russian Diaspora Abroad]. In Otechestvennaya istoriya. No. 1, pp. 53–58.
Rozhkov, S. (2009). Sovremennye organizatsii rossiiskikh sootechestvennikov v Bolgarii [Contemporary Organisations of Russian Compatriots in Bulgaria]. In Rozhkov, S. (Ed.). Russkoe zarubezh'e v Bolgarii: istoriya i sovremennost'. Sofia, Russkii akademicheskii soyuz v Bolgarii, pp. 208–217.
Rozhkov, S. (Ed.). (2009). Russkoe zarubezh'e v Bolgarii: istoriya i sovremennost' [Russian Abroad in Bulgaria: History and Present]. Sofia, Russkii akademicheskii soyuz v Bolgarii. 318 p.
Rozhkov, S., Minkova, M. (2009). Sovremennye sredstva massovoi informatsii russkogo zarubezhiya v Bolgarii [The Modern Mass Media of the Russian Abroad in Bulgaria]. In Rozhkov, S. (Ed.). Russkoe zarubezh'e v Bolgarii: istoriya i sovremennost'. Sofia, Russkii akademicheskii soyuz v Bolgarii, pp. 114–119.
Rusev, R. (Ed.). (2012). Periodika na ruskata emigratsiya v B''lgariya (1920–1943): entsiklopedichen spravochnik [The Periodical Press of the Russian Emigration in Bulgaria (1920–1943)]. Sofia, Boyan Penev. 764 p.
Rusev, R., Lyutskanov, J., Manolakev, Kh. (Eds). (2010). “Pogaslo dnevnoe svetilo…”. Ruskata literaturna emigratsiya v B''lgariya. 1919–1944 [“The Star of the Day Has Declined…”. Russian Literary Emigration in Bulgaria. 1919–1944]. Sofia, Profesor Marin Drinov. 461 p.
Spasov, L. I. (1999). Vrangelovata armiya v B''lgariya 1919–1923 g. [The Wrangel Army in Bulgaria, 1919–1923]. Sofia, Universitetskoto izdatelstvo "Sveti Kliment Okhridski“. 244 p.
Spasov, L. I. (2008). B''lgariya i SSSR. 1917–1944 g. (Politiko-diplomaticheski otnosheniya) [Bulgaria and the USSR. 1917–1944. (Political and Diplomatic Relations)]. Veliko T''rnovo, Faber. 550 p.
Veleva, M. (1998). Ruskata universitetska emigratsiya v B''lgariya [Russian University Emigration in Bulgaria]. In Daritelete Evlogii i Khristo Georgievi. Sofia, Lik, pp. 235–260.
Veleva, M. N. (2004). B''lgarskata s''dba na profesora P. M. Bitsilli [The Bulgarian Path of Professor P. M. Bizilli]. Sofia, Gutenberg. 163 p.
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2020-04-01
How to Cite
Khrisanfov, V., & Turygina, N. (2020). The Russian Diaspora in Bulgaria: Issues of Migration Registration in the Interwar Period. Quaestio Rossica, 8(1), 283–294. https://doi.org/10.15826/qr.2020.1.462
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