Русские диаспоры ближнего зарубежья в постперестроечный период: фантом или реальность?
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15826/qr.2024.1.867Ключевые слова:
диаспора, ближнее зарубежье, соотечественники, русскоговорящие сообществаАннотация
После распада СССР на территориях новообразованных государств оказалось значительное количество советских граждан, не принадлежавших к их титульным нациям. В статье ставится цель выяснить, насколько понятие «диаспора» применимо в отношении русских сообществ, проживавших в указанный период на этих территориях. Миграционные процессы, происходящие в нынешнее время, способствуют пополнению сопредельных с Российской Федерацией стран людьми уже другой формации, которая вместе с тем не дает исчезнуть русскому зарубежью как явлению, что актуализирует тему. В основу работы положены законодательные акты и другие официальные документы государственной власти. В качестве источников привлечены опубликованные интервью с русскоязычными жителями этих регионов (как проживающими там, так и вернувшимися в Россию). На сегодняшний день вопрос о понятии «диаспора» является дискуссионным. Не вступая в полемику по данному вопросу, автор полагает в основу исследования не само понятие, а его характеристики и ключевые черты, разделяемые большинством ученых. Дается краткий обзор отношения Российского государства к данной категории населения и собственно к самой проблеме диаспор. Показывая их трансформацию в период 1990‑х гг., автор приходит к выводу о неправомерности применения к русским ближнего зарубежья в вышеуказанный период этого понятия. Вместо него видится более подходящим определение «русскоговорящие сообщества», что не отрицает возможности дальнейшего преобразования сообщества в диаспору.
Библиографические ссылки
Airapetova, N. (2000). Perepis’ russkikh obshchin prodolzhaetsya [The Census of Russian Communities Continues]. In Nezavisimaya gazeta [website]. 16 Dec. URL: https://www.ng.ru/cis/2000–12–16/5_perepis.html (accessed: 25.06.2023).
Alexander, C. (2017). Beyond the ‘Diaspora’ Diaspora: A Response to Rogers Brubaker. In Ethnic and Racial Studies. No. 40 (9), pp. 1544–1555. DOI 10.1080/0141987042000289997.
Barrington, L., Herron, E., Silver, S. (2003). The Motherland Is Calling: Views of Homeland among Russians in Near Abroad. In World Politics. No. 55, pp. 290–313. DOI 10.1353/wp.2003.0008.
Brubaker, R. (2000). “Diaspory kataklizma” v Tsentral’noi i Vostochnoi Evrope i ikh otnosheniya s rodinami (na primere Veimarskoi Germanii i postsovetskoi Rossii) [“Cataclysmic Diasporas” in Central and Eastern Europe and Their Relationships with Their Homelands (Case Study of Weimar Germany and Post-Soviet Russia)]. In Diaspory. No. 3, pp. 6–32.
Brubaker, R. (2000). Accidental Diasporas and External “Homelands” in Central and Eastern Europe: Past and Present. Wien, Inst. für Höhere Studien. 30 p.
Brubaker, R. (1996). Nationalism Reframed: Nationhood and the National Question in the New Europe. Cambridge, Cambridge Univ. Press. 202 p.
Brubaker, R. (2005). The ‘Diaspora’ Diaspora. In Ethnic and Racial Studies. Vol. 28. No. 1, pp. 1–19. DOI 10.1080/0141987042000289997.
Chinn, J., Kaiser, R. (1996). Russians as the New Minority: Ethnicity and Nationalism in the Soviet Successor States. Boulder, CO, Westview Press. 379 p.
Cohen, R. (2008). Global Diasporas. An Introduction. L., Routledge. 240 p.
Connor, W. (1986). The Impact of Homelands upon Diasporas. In Sheffer, G. (Ed.). Modern Diasporas in International Politics. L., Croom Held, pp. 16–46.
Dyatlov, V. I. (1999). Diaspora: popytka opredelit’sya v ponyatiyakh [Diaspora: An Attempt to Define Concepts]. In Diaspory. No. 1, pp. 8–23.
Dyatlov, V., Melkonyan, E. (2009). Armyanskaya diaspora. Ocherki sotsiokul’turnoi tipologii [The Armenian Diaspora: Essays on Sociocultural Typology]. Yerevan, Institut Kavkaza. 207 p.
Filipova, E. I. (1997). Adaptatsiya russkikh vynuzhdennykh migrantov iz novogo zarubezh’ya [Adaptation of Russian Forced Migrants from the New Abroad]. In Vynuzhdennye migranty: Integratsiya i vozvrashchenie. Moscow, Institut etnologii i antropologii, pp. 45–74.
Flynn, M. (2004). Migrant Resettlement in the Russian Federation: Reconstructing ‘Homes’ and ‘Homelands’. L., Anthem. 245 p.
Gritsenko, V. V. (1999). Russkie sredi russkikh: problemy adaptatsii vynuzhdennykh migrantov i bezhentsev iz stran blizhnego zarubezh’ya v Rossii [Russians among Russians: Problems of Adaptation of Forced Migrants and Refugees from Neighbouring Countries in Russia]. Moscow, Institut etnologii i antropologii RAN. 189 p.
Hall, S. (1990). Cultural Identity and Diaspora. In Rutherford, J. (Ed.). Identity: Community, Culture, Difference. L., Lawrence and Wishart, pp. 222–237.
Heleniak, T. (2004). Migration of the Russian Diaspora After the Breakup of the Soviet Union. In J. of Intern. Affairs. No. 57, pp. 99–117.
King, C., Melvin, N. (1999). Diaspora Politics: Ethnic Linkages, Foreign Policy, and Security in Eurasia. In Quarterly J.: Intern. Security. No. 24 (3), pp. 108–138. DOI 10.1162/016228899560257.
Kolstø, P. (1996). The New Russian Diaspora – an Identity of Its Own? Possible Identity Trajectories for Russians in the Former Soviet Republic. In Ethnic and Racial Studies. Vol. 19. No. 3, pp. 609–639. DOI 10.1080/01419870.1996.9993927.
Kolstoe, P. (1995). Russians in the Former Soviet Republics. L., Hurst & Co, Indiana Univ. Press. 305 p.
Kosmarskaja, N. (1998). “Ya nikuda ne khochu uezzhat’”. Zhizn’ v postsovetskoi Kirgizii glazami russkikh [“I Don’t Want to go Anywhere.” Life in Post-Soviet Kyrgyzstan through the Eyes of Russians]. In Vestnik Evrazii. No. 1–2, pp. 76–101.
Kosmarskaja, N. (2002). “Russkie diaspory”: politicheskie mifologii i realii massovogo soznaniya [“Russian Diasporas”: Political Mythologies and Realities of Mass Consciousness]. In Diaspory. No. 2, pp. 110–156.
Kosmarskaja, N. (2004). Post-Soviet Russian Diaspora. In Encyclopedia of World Diasporas. N. Y., Kluwer Academic Publ., pp. 264–272.
Kosmarskaja, N. (2006). “Deti imperii” v postsovetskoi Tsentral’noi Azii: adaptivnye praktiki i mental’nye sdvigi (russkie v Kirgizii, 1992–2002) [“Children of the Empire” in Post-Soviet Central Asia: Adaptive Practices and Mental Shifts (Russians in Kyrgyzstan, 1992–2002)]. Moscow, Natalis. 597 p.
Kosmarskaja, N. (2022). Teoretiko-metodologicheskie podkhody k izucheniyu diaspor v rossiiskoi i zapadnoi nauke [Theoretical and Methodological Approaches to the Study of Diasporas in Russian and Western Scholarship]. In Perspektivy razvitiya diasporologii v epokhu globalizatsii, transnatsionalizma i tsifrovizatsii. Materialy mezhdunarodnoi konferentsii. Almaty, Kazakhskii natsional’nyi universitet imeni Al’-Farabi, pp. 9–17.
Laitin, D. (1999). Identity in Formation. The Russian-Speaking Populations in the Near Abroad. Ithaca, L., Cornell Univ. Press. 432 p.
Lebedeva, N. M. (1995). Novaya russkaya diaspora. Sotsial’no-psikhologicheskii analiz [The New Russian Diaspora. Socio-Psychological Analysis]. Moscow, Institut etnologii i antropologii. 299 p.
Melvin, N. (1995). Russians beyond Russia: The Politics of National Identity. L., Pinter. 170 p.
Melvin, N. (1998). The Russians: Diaspora and the End of Empire. In King, C., Melvin, N. J. (Eds.). Nations Abroad: Diaspora Politics and International Relations in the Former Soviet Union. Boulder, CO, Westview, pp. 27–57.
O gosudarstvennoi politike Rossiiskoi Federatsii v otnoshenii sootechestvennikov za rubezhom. Federal’nyi zakon Rossiiskoi Federatsii ot 24.05.1999 No. 99-FZ (redaktsiya ot 23.07.2013) [On the State Policy of the Russian Federation in Relation to Compatriots Abroad. Federal Law of the Russian Federation of 24.05.1999 No. 99-FZ (Edition of 23.07.2013)]. In Konsul’tantPlyus [internet-portal]. URL: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_23178/ (accessed: 25.06.2023).
Oskolkov, P. V. (2022). Organizatsii etnicheskikh men’shinstv v Rossii i Pol’she: metodologicheskie vyzovy sravneniya [Organisations of Ethnic Minorities in Russia and Poland: Methodological Challenges of Comparison]. In Baltiiskii region. Vol. 14. No. 4, pp. 113–127. DOI 10.5922/2079-8555-2022-4-7.
Pilkington, H. (1998). Migration and Identity in Post-Soviet Russia. L., N. Y., Routledge. 264 p.
Pilkington, H., Flinn, M. (2002). Chuzhie na Rodine? Issledovaniya “diasporal’noi identichnosti” russkikh “vynuzhdennykh pereselentsev” [Strangers at Home? Studies of the “Diasporal Identity” of Russian Internally Displaced Persons]. In Mezhregional’nye issledovaniya v obshchestvennykh naukakh [internet-portal]. URL: http://mion.isu.ru/filearchive/mion_publcations/russ-ost/diaspr/12.html (accessed: 30.06.2023).
Pilkington, H., Flynn, M. (2006). A Diaspora in Diaspora? Russian Returnees Confront the “Homeland”. In Refuge: Canada’s J. on Refugees. Vol. 23. No. 2, pp. 55–67.
Poppe, E., Hagendoorn, L. (2001). Types of Identification among Russians in the “Near Abroad”. In Europe-Asia Studies. Vol. 53. No. 1, pp. 57–71. DOI 10.1080/09668130020016486.
Ryazantsev, S. V. (2016). Russkie za granitsei: sushchestvuet li russkaya diaspora? [Russians abroad: Is there a Russian Diaspora?]. In Nauchnoe obozrenie. Seriya 2: Gumanitarnye nauki. No. 5, pp. 3–10.
Safran, W. (1991). Diasporas in Modern Societies: Myths of Homeland and Return. In Diaspora: A J. of Transnational Studies. Vol. 1. No. 1, pp. 83–99.
Schiller, G. (2005). Long-Distance Nationalism. In Ember, M., Ember, C., Skoggard, I. (Eds.). Encyclopedia of Diasporas. Immigrant and Refugee Cultures Around the World. Boston, Springer, pp. 570–580.
Sheffer, G. (2003). Diaspora Politics: At Home Abroad. Cambridge, Cambridge Univ. Press. 308 p.
Shlapentokh, V., Sendich, M., Payin, E. (Eds.). (1994). The New Russian Diaspora: Russian Minorities in the Former Soviet Republics. N. Y., Routledge. 288 p.
Smith, G. (1999). Transnational Politics and the Politics of the Russian Diaspora. In Ethnic and Racial Studies. No. 22 (3), pp. 500–523. DOI 10.1080/014198799329404.
Sushchii, S. Ya. (2020). Russkoe naselenie blizhnego zarubezh’ya: geodemograficheskaya dinamika postsovetskogo perioda [Russian Population of the Near Abroad: Geodemographic Dynamics of the Post-Soviet Period]. In Demograficheskoe obozrenie. Vol. 7. No. 2, pp. 6–30. DOI 10.17323/demreview.v7i2.11137.
Vitkovskaya, G. S. (1999). Rossiiskie diaspory v Tsentral’noi Azii: migratsionnyi potentsial [Russian Diasporas in Central Asia: Migration Potential]. In Sotsiologicheskie issledovaniya. No. 2, pp. 45–53.
Vsesoyuznaya perepis’ naseleniya 1989 goda (1989) [All-Union Population Census of 1989 (1989)]. (N. d.). In Demoskop Weekly [website]. URL: http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/resp_nac_89.php (accessed: 25.06.2023).
Webner, P. (2015). The Boundaries of Diaspora: A Critical Response to Brubaker. In Diasporic Constructions of Home and Belonging. Berlin, München, Boston, De Gruyter, pp. 35–52. DOI 10.1515/9783110408614–004.
Zayonchkovskaya, Zh. (2000). New Migration Trends in the Commonwealth of Independent States. In Intern. Social Science J. No. 165, pp. 343–355.
Zevelev, I. (2001). Russia and Its New Diasporas. Herndon, United States Inst. of Peace Press. 240 p.
Ziegler, Ch. (2006). The Russian Diaspora in Central Asia: Russian Compatriots and Moscow’s Foreign Policy. In Demokratizasiya. The J. of Post-Soviet Democratization. No. 14 (1), pp. 103–126. DOI 10.3200/DEMO.14.1.103–126.
