«Русские», евреи, израильтяне? Адаптация русскоязычных мигрантов в Израиле глазами потомков
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15826/qr.2021.4.635Ключевые слова:
миграция, мотивы миграции, Израиль, СССР, интеграция, социокультурная идентификация, первое поколение мигрантов, культурные ценности, концепция «плавильного котла»Аннотация
Процесс социальной и культурной интеграции и адаптации мигрантов – выходцев из бывшего СССР, приехавших в Израиль в последние 30 лет, стал объектом пристального внимания в странах, принимающих иммигрантов. Стремясь стать частью израильского общества, мигранты в то же время стараются сохранить русский язык, свою культурную специфику и мировоззрение, нередко вступающие при этом в конфликт с мировоззрением израильского истеблишмента, требующего от них смены своей идентичности на израильскую. В исследовании (2016–2019), целью которого было обобщение опыта адаптации в новом обществе, рассматриваются различные аспекты, повлиявшие на успех интеграции новоприбывших, – мотивы миграции, факторы, влияющие на процесс интеграции: возраст в момент переезда в другую страну, знание и использование нового языка (иврита), профессиональная востребованность, удовлетворенность жилищными условиями, работой, достигнутым уровнем жизни; включенность в израильское общество и культуру; круг общения, сложившийся после переезда; изменения образа жизни с учетом традиций и т. п. Особенностью исследования стало то, что в нем участвовали не сами мигранты, а их дети (20–30 лет), чья оценка успеха адаптации родителей в Израиле является взглядом «второго поколения» и дает возможность оценить успешность интеграции выходцев из бывшего СССР в Израиле молодежью, выросшей и сформировавшейся в новой реальности. Результаты исследования подтверждают положение, что ощущение общественной и культурной принадлежности к израильскому обществу свидетельствует об успехе адаптации и интеграции мигрантов в новом социуме, играет важную роль в формировании новой идентичности представителей первого поколения мигрантов. Факторами, повышающими уровень адаптации, являются удовлетворенность условиями работы и владение недвижимостью, что говорит о материальной стабильности семьи. Анализ полученных результатов дает возможность предположить, что сохранение и использование мигрантами языка и культуры страны исхода в процессе адаптации параллельно с новой для них израильской культурой и традицией являются оптимальной моделью культурной интеграции.
Библиографические ссылки
Amit, K. (2012). Social Integration and Identity of Immigrants from Western Countries, the FSU and Ethiopia in Israel. In Ethnic and Racial Studies. Vol. 35. No. 7, pp. 1287–1310. DOI 10.1080/01419870.2011.602091.
Baider, L., Ever-Hadani, P., Kaplan-Denour, A. (1994). Crossing New Bridges: The Process of Adaptation and Psychological Distress of Russian Immigrants in Israel. In Psychiatry. Vol. 59, pp. 175–183. DOI 10.1080/00332747.1996.11024758.
Ben-Rafael, E., Olshtain, E., Geijst, I. (1998). Identity and Language: The Social Insertion of Soviet Jews in Israel. In Levin-Epstein, N., Ritterband, P., Roi, Y. (Eds.). Russian Jews on Three Continents. Emigration and Resettlement. L., Frank Cass, pp. 364–388.
Ben-Rafael, E., Peres, Y. (2007). Is Israel One? Religion, Nationalism and Multiculturalism Confounded. Boston, Leiden, Brill. 332 p.
Ben-Raphael, E. (2008). Contemporary Jewish Identities. In Sabar Ben-Yehoshua, N., Shimoni, N. H. (Eds.). Jewish Peoplehood. Tel Aviv, Beit Hatfutsot Publ., pp. 88–112. (In Hebrew).
Bertrand, M., Mullainathan, S. (2004). Are Emily and Greg more Employable than Lakisha and Jamal? A Field Experiment on Labor Market Discrimination. In The American Economic Rev. Vol. 94. No. 4, pp. 991–1013.
Cohen, Y., Tukachinsky, R. (2007). Television and Social Identity in the Multi-Channel Age: Global and Local Viewing Patterns of Social Groups in Israel. In Israeli Sociology. Vol. 8. No. 2, pp. 241–267. (In Hebrew).
Cohen-Strawczynski, P., Levy, D., Konstantinov, V. (2010). Immigrant Youth in Israel – up-to-date Situation. Jerusalem, Myers Joint – Brookdale Inst. 121 p. (In Hebrew).
Damian, N., Rosenbaum-Tamari, Y. (1996). Jewish Identity and Immigration to Israel: The Current Wave of Russian Immigrants. In Rev. Europ. des Migrations Intern. Vol. 12. No. 3, pp. 123–138.
Damian, N., Rosenbaum-Tamari, Y. (1999). Immigrants from the FSU and Their Social Integration in Israeli Society: Expectations and Realities. In Intern. Rev. of Sociology. Vol. 9. No. 2, pp. 149–159. DOI 10.1080/03906701.1999.9971304.
Elias, N. (2005). The Functions of the Mass Media in a Crisis: The Case of Immigrants from the USSR in Israel. In Israeli Sociology. Vol. 6. No. 2, pp. 295–312. (In Hebrew).
Elias, N., Bar-Ilan Yerushalmi, M., Sofer, S. (2000). The Relations Between Immigrants from the FSU and the Veteran Israelis and Their Mutual Perceptions. In Review of Research Literature. Presented to the Chairman of the Aliyah, Absorption and Diaspora Committee, Naomi Blumenthal. Jerusalem, Knesset. 41 p. (In Hebrew).
Elias, N., Lemysh, D. (2012). Together and Separately: The Place of Mass Communication among Immigrant Families from the FSU. In Feldhi, R., Lerner, Y. (Eds.). ‘Russians’ in Israel: The Pragmatics of Immigrant Culture. Publ. by the Van Leer Jerusalem Inst., Kibbutz Hameuchad, pp. 231–255. (In Hebrew).
Epstein, A. (2005). “The New Ashkenazim” on the Rift Line: How the Meeting between Immigrants from the USSR and Israeli Society Was Missed. In Rosenthal, R. (Ed.). The Root of Things. Re-examination of Questions of People and Society. Jerusalem, Crown, pp. 128–139. (In Hebrew).
Ferdman, M., Horenczyk, G. (2000). Cultural Identity and Immigration. In Olshtain, E., Horenczyk, G. (Eds.). Language, Identity and Immigration. Jerusalem, Magnes, pp. 81–100.
Fialkova, L., Yelenevskaya, M. (2007). Ex-Soviets in Israel: From Personal Narratives to A Group Portrait. Detroit, Wayne State Univ. Press. 204 p.
Golan, R. (2010). Learning Hebrew and Aspects of Identity among Russian Speakers in Israel. Studies in Language and Society. Vol. 3. No. 1, pp. 122–139. (In Hebrew).
Gomel, A. (2006). You and We: Being Russian in Israel. Kinneret Zmora Beitan Publ. 176 p. (In Hebrew).
Gur-Gurevitz, B. (2003). The Search for Identity: Between Assimilation and Immigration. The Zionist Library. 423 p. (In Hebrew).
Hanin, V. (2001). Potential for Change. In Faces – Culture, Society and Education / publ. by the Teachers’ Federation. Vol. 50, pp. 65–72. (In Hebrew).
Horowitz, T. (1999). Integration or Separatism? In Horowitz, T. (Ed.) Children of Perestroika in Israel. Langham, Univ. Press of America, pp. 1–21.
Horowitz, T. (2005). The Integration of Immigrants from the Former Soviet Union. Israel Affairs. Vol. 11. No. 1, pp. 117–136. DOI 10.1080/1353712042000324481.
Isralowitz, R., Reznik, A. (2007). Former Soviet Union Immigrant and Native-Born Adolescents in Israel: Substance Use and Related Problem Behavior. In J. of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse. Vol. 6. No. 1, pp. 131–138. DOI 10.1300/J233v06n01_08.
Konstantinov, V. (2015). Trends in the Integration of Immigrants from the Former USSR. Research Report. Jerusalem, Myers-Joint-Brookdale Inst. 91 p. (In Hebrew).
Kozulin, A., Venger, A. (1999). Psychological and Learning Problems. In Horowitz, T. (Ed.). Children of Perestroika in Israel. Langham, Univ. Press of America, pp. 190–204.
Leshem, A., Lisk, M. (2001). The Social and Cultural Crystallization of the Russian Community in Israel. In Leshem, A., Lisk, M. (Eds.). From Russia to Israel – Identity and Culture in Transition. Tel Aviv, Kibbutz Hameuchad, pp. 27–76. (In Hebrew).
Leshem, E., Sicron, M. (2004). The Soviet Immigrant Community in Israel. In Rebnum, U., Waxman, C. (Eds.). Contemporary Social and Cultural Patterns. Hanover, Brandeis Univ. Press, pp. 81–117.
Lisk, M. (1995). Immigrants from the FSU between Separation and Integration. In Kop, E. (Ed.). Allocation of Resources to Social Services, 1994–1995. Jerusalem, Center for the Study of Social Policy in Israel, pp. 167–174. (In Hebrew).
Lissitsa, S., Peres, Y. (2012). The Integration Index of USSR Immigrants in Israel – Is It a Success Story? In Lissitsa, S., Bokek-Cohen, Y. (Eds.). From the Roots of the Past to the Buds of Tomorrow : Immigration of USSR Immigrants to Israel in the 2000s. Ariel, Ariel Univ. Center in Samaria, pp. 65–83. (In Hebrew).
Mesch, G. (2002). Between Spatial and Social Segregation among Immigrants: The Case of Immigrants from the FSU in Israel. In Intern. Migration Rev. Vol. 36. No. 3, pp. 912–934. DOI 10.1111/j.1747-7379.2002.tb00109.x.
Mirsky, J. (1992). Independence – Difficult Language: Family and Adolescence in the Soviet Union. In Deutsch, H., Schneider, S. (Eds.). Adolescent Motivation: Therapy, Psychopathology and Immigrant Absorption Processes. Jerusalem, Jerusalem Summit Inst., pp. 39–50. (In Hebrew).
Mirsky, J. (1997). Conversations on Immigrant Youth. Immigrants from the Former USSR in Israel. Jerusalem, Falk Inst. for Mental Health and Behavioral Sciences Research. 42 p. (In Hebrew).
Mirsky, J. (2005). Israelis. Migration Stories. Tel Aviv, Tzivony Publ. 192 p. (In Hebrew).
Mirsky, J., Kaushinski, F. (1989). Migration and Growth: Separation-Individuation Processes in Immigrant Students in Israel. In Adolescence. Vol. 95. No. 24, pp. 725–740.
Niznik, M. (2003). Specifics of the Cultural Integration of the Russian-Speaking Immigrants in Israel. In Diasporas. Independent Academic J. No. 1, pp. 48–67.
Pedraza, S., (2006). Cultural Psychology of Immigrants. N. Y., Psychology Press. 400 p.
Peres, Y. (2012). Introduction to a Digest of Articles. In Lissitsa, S., Bokek-Cohen, Y. (Eds.). From the Roots of the Past to the Buds of Tomorrow: Immigration of USSR Immigrants to Israel in the 2000s. Ariel, Ariel Univ. Center in Samaria, pp. 6–7. (In Hebrew).
Remennick, L. (2002). Transnational Community in the Making: Russian-Jewish Immigrants of the 1990s in Israel. In J. of Ethnic and Migration Studies. Vol. 28. No. 3, pp. 515–530. DOI 10.1080/13691830220146581.
Remennick, L., Prashizky, A. (2012). Russian Israelis and Religion: What Changed after Twenty Years in Israel? In Israeli Studies Rev. Vol. 27. No. 1, pp. 55–77.
Rosenbaum-Tamari Y. (2004). Immigrants from the FSU; Motives for Immigration and Commitment to Life in Israel. Jerusalem, Ministry of Immigrant Absorption. 36 р. (In Hebrew).
Schwartz, M. (2012). Second Generation Immigrants: A Socio-Linguistic Approach of Linguistic Development within the Framework of Family Language Policy. In Leikin, M., Schwartz, M., Tobin, Y. (Eds.). Current Issues in Bilingualism: Cognitive and Sociolinguistic Perspectives. Dordrecht, Springer Science & Business Media, pp. 119–135.
Semyonov, M., Haberfeld, J., Reichman, R. et al. (2010). Ruppin Index: The Annual Index for the Integration of Immigrants in Israel. Emek Hefer, Ruppin Academic Center. 48 p. (In Hebrew).
Sheffer, G. (2002). A Nation and Its Diaspora: A Re-Examination of Israeli Jewish Diaspora Relations. In Diaspora. J. of Transnational Studies. Vol. 11. No. 3, pp. 331–358. DOI 10.3138/diaspora.11.3.331.
Slonim-Nevo, V., Mirsky, J., Nauck, B., Horowitz, T. (2007). Social Participation and Psychological Distress among Immigrants from the Former Soviet Union: A Comparative Study in Israel and Germany. Intern. Social Work. Vol. 50. No. 4, pp. 473–488. DOI 10.1177/0020872807077908.
Spolsky, B. (2012). Family Language Policy – the Critical Domain. In J. of Multilingual and Multicultural Development. Vol. 33. No. 1, pp. 3–11. DOI 10.1080/01434632.2011.638072.
Spolsky, B., Shohamy, E. (1999). The Languages of Israel: Policy, Ideology and Practice (Bilingual Education and Bilingualism). Clevedon, Multilingual Matters. 299 p.
Taylor, C. (2013). Multiculturalism: Examining the Politics of Recognition. Princeton, Princeton Univ. Press. 175 p.
Titzmann, P., Serwata, O., Silbereisen, R., Davidov, E. (2016). Ethnic Homophily in Minority Groups: A Comparative Perspective on Germany and Israel. In J. of Cross-Cultural Psychology. Vol. 47. No. 8, pp. 1076–1096. DOI 10.1177/0022022116658245.
Zilberg, N. (2000). The Jewish-Russian Intelligentsia in Israel. Searches for New Models of Integration. In Jews in the USSR in Transition. Vol. 19. No. 4, pp. 196–221. (In Hebrew).
Zubida, H., Lavi, L., Harper, R., Nakash, O., Shoshani, A. (2013). Home and Away: Hybrid Perspective on Identity Formation in 1.5 and Second Generation Adolescent Immigrants in Israel. In Glocalism. J. of Culture, Politics and Innovation. No. 1, pp. 2–28. DOI 10.12893/gjcpi.2013.1.6.
