Проекты и реальность: промышленные стройки первых пятилеток на Среднем Урале
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15826/qr.2020.5.554Ключевые слова:
индустриализация, советское градостроительство, промышленное проектирование, Пышминский медеэлектролитный завод, Медный РудникАннотация
Рассмотрена специфика проектирования промышленных предприятий и их населенных пунктов в годы первых пятилеток. На примере Пышминского медеэлектролитного завода и его поселка Медный Рудник проведен сравнительный анализ разработанных проектов и их реализации. Источниками выступили фонды ГАСО, периодическая печать, материалы, касающиеся планирования развития экономики Урала и СССР. В ходе анализа основных решений прослеживается постепенный отход от проекта по каждому из пунктов, зачастую вызванный субъективными причинами. При планировании поселка сочетаются представления о новом социалистическом быте и реальные условия. Подчеркивается отражение общегосударственных тенденций в жизнедеятельности отдельного предприятия и населенного пункта. Проведено сравнение строительства Пышминского медеэлектролитного завода и его поселка с другими проектами первых пятилеток (Уралмашем, Магнитостроем и пр.), выделено типичное и особенное. Отдельно обозначены причины существенного расхождения между изначально планируемым и реально воплощенным: недостаточное финансирование, постоянный дефицит материалов и оборудования, отсутствие кадров, меняющиеся тенденции в районировании территорий, специализации регионов и промышленных комплексов, архитектурной политике. Многие элементы проектов были нереальны в существовавших условиях, а некоторые решения, реализованные, но показавшие свою нежизнеспособность, выявляют серьезные проблемы в сфере промышленного проектирования в СССР 1920–1930‑х гг.
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