The Downfall of the Russian and Austro-Hungarian Empires and the Monarchist Counter-Revolution
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15826/qr.2020.3.509Ключевые слова:
распад империй; монархическая контрреволюция; большевизм; история Финляндии; история Венгрии; история Украины; история РоссииАннотация
Проводится сравнительный анализ распада Российской и Австро-Венгерской империй и роли революции и контрреволюции на территориях бывших империй. Выявляются причины возникновения и классификация монархической контрреволюции, а также анализируются ее результаты. Монархическая контрреволюция в Центральной и Восточной Европе возникла именно как реакция на советскую власть и большевизм как идеологию и политическую практику. Она не имела бы серьезной основы для появления в республиканский демократический период революции, предшествовавший большевизму. Факторами монархической контрреволюции были соответствующие традиции в обществе, наличие харизматичных военно-политических лидеров, исповедовавших монархические взгляды (генерал-лейтенант барон Карл Густав Маннергейм в Финляндии, генерал-лейтенант Павел Скоропадский в Украине, генерал-майор Петр Краснов на Дону, вице-адмирал Александр Колчак в России, вице-адмирал Миклош Хорти в Венгрии), и, наконец, международная военная и дипломатическая поддержка со стороны соседних монархий (Германии и Швеции – Финляндии, Германии и Австро-Венгрии – Украине и Дону, Румынии – Венгрии). Монархическая контрреволюция возникла на окраинах государств (Финляндии – в Ваасе, Венгрии – в Сегеде, России – в Омске), поскольку столицы были захвачены большевиками. Она потерпела поражение в России, а в Финляндии и Венгрии одержала лишь временную победу, поскольку оба королевства существовали без короля по причине давления со стороны союзников.
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