Earthly Paradise in the Religious Ideas of Old Rus’
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15826/qr.2020.1.445Keywords:
Old Rus’; Apocrypha; earthly paradise; Vasily Kalika; Epistle about Paradise; Russian mentalityAbstract
This article examines the Old Russian ideas about the other world and various interpretations of the earthly paradise. The author focuses on the content of Orthodox, apocryphal, and legendary texts about the other world, referring both to published and archival sources. The article reviews and compares texts that describe the other world and the path to earthly paradise, including Epistle about Paradise, The Legend of St Macarius the Roman, Zosima’s Journey to Rahmans, Agapius’ Journey to Paradise, Is Paradise Sensuous or Sensible?, About Paradise Rivers, Questions and Answers of St Athanasius to Antiochus, The Explanatory Palaea, A Word about the Righteous Creed, etc. Issues connected with the other world are studied with an interdisciplinary approach, i. e. the ideological and religious interpretation is combined with the methods of specific historical and textual analysis. It is established that there was no common understanding of the other world in Old Rus’, which is reflected in arguments about paradise. There were three concepts of the nature of paradise: earthly paradise; paradise as a noumenal and inaccessible entity; and paradise created by God for the forefathers, half heavenly and ethereal in nature. Vasily Kalika, the author of the Epistle about Paradise, was a supporter of the concept of paradise located on an island in a distant sea. Kalika’s argument was based on data from church sources, apocrypha, and “eyewitness’” evidence. The archbishop considered literary and folklore stories about journeys to the earthly paradise the most important proof of the existence of an earthly paradise. The author concludes that belief in an earthly paradise in Russia was formed under the influence of Antiochian theology, apocryphal travels to paradise, and folk legends about reaching the edge of the world. Bishop Vasily Kalika and his flock’s religious ideas are a synthesis of Orthodox, apocryphal, and pre-Christian ideas.
References
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Barankova, G. S., Milkov, V. V. (2001). Shestodnev Ioanna ekzarkha Bolgarskogo [The Hexaemeron of John, Bulgarian Exarch]. St Petersburg, Aleteiya. 972 p.
Botvinnik, M. N., Lourié, Ya. S., Tvorogov, O. V. (Eds.). (1955). Aleksandriya. Roman ob Aleksandre Makedonskom po russkoi rukopisi XV v. [Alexandria. A Novel about Alexander the Great in the Russian Manuscripts of the 15th Century]. Moscow, Leningrad, Nauka. 269 p.
Chistyakov, V. A. (1982). Predstavleniya o doroge v zagrobnyi mir v russkikh pokhoronnykh prichitaniyakh XIX–XX vv. [Ideas about the Road to the Afterlife in Russian Funeral Lamentations of the 19th–20th Centuries]. In Sokolova, V. K. (Ed.). Obryady i obryadovyi fol'klor. Moscow, Nauka, рр. 114–127.
Demkova, N. S. (1999b). Kommentarii k “Poslaniyu Vasiliya Novgorodskogo Fedoru Tverskomu o rae” [Comments on the Epistle from Vasily of Novgorod to Fyodor of Tver about Paradise]. In Biblioteka literatury Drevnei Rusi v 20 t. St Petersburg, Nauka. Vol. 6, pp. 517–519.
Demkova, N. S. (Ed.). (1999a). Poslanie Vasiliya Novgorodskogo Fedoru Tverskomu o rae [Epistle from Vasily of Novgorod to Fyodor of Tver about Paradise]. In Biblioteka literatury Drevnei Rusi v 20 t. St Petersburg, Nauka. Vol. 6, pp. 42–49.
Dergacheva, I. V. (2004). Posmertnaya sud'ba i “inoi mir” v drevnerusskoi knizhnosti [Posthumous Fate and the “Other World” in Old Russian Literature]. Moscow, Krug''. 351 p.
Des Hl. Johannes von Damascus. (1981). Ἔκθεσις ἀκριβὴς τῆς ὀρθοδόξου πίστεως in der Übersetzung des Exarchen Johannes / Hrsg. von L. Sadnik. Wiesbaden ‒ Freiburg, Verlag Otto Harrassowitz. Bd. 2. 412 S. (Monumenta linguae slavicae dialecti veteris: fontes et dissertationes. T. XIV).
Eleonskaya, E. N. (1994). Predstavleniya “togo sveta” v skazochnoi traditsii [Ideas about the “Other World” in the Fairytale Tradition]. In Skazka, zagovor i koldovstvo v Rossii. Moscow, Indrik, pp. 42–50.
Fedorovskaya, N. A. (2013). Ritoricheskie traditsii argumentatsii v “Poslanii o rae” Vasiliya Kaliki [Rhetorical Traditions of Argumentation in the Epistle about Paradise by Vasily Kalika]. In Izvestiya Vladivostokskogo gosudarstvennogo pedagogicheskogo universiteta. No. 1, pp. 56–59.
GIM [State Historical Museum]. (Sinodal'noe sobranie). No. 548, 638, 817 (No. 806 po staroi numeratsii), 951; (Sobranie A. S. Uvarova). No. 566; (Sobranie A. I. Khludova). No. 195.
Golyshenko, V. S., Dubrovina, V. F. (Eds.). (1997). Kniga naritsaema Koz'ma Indikoplov. Drevnerusskii perevod po rukopisi 1495 goda [The Book is Called Cosmas Indicopleustes. Old Russian Translation of the Manuscript from 1495]. Moscow, Indrik. 776 p.
Istrin, V. M. (1920). Knigy vremennyya i obraznyya Georgiya Mnikha. Khronika Georgiya Amartola v drevnem slavyano-russkom perevode [Temporal and Figurative Books by George Mnich. The Chronicle of George Hamarthol in an Old Slavic-Russian Translation.]. Petrograd, Rossiiskaya gosudarstvennaya akademicheskaya tipografiya. Vol. 1. Tekst. XVIII, 612, III p.
Levkievskaya, E. E. (2004) Predstavleniya o “tom svete” u vostochnykh slavyan [Representations of the “Other World” among the Eastern Slavs]. In Slavyanskii al'manakh. 2003. Moscow, Indrik, pp. 342–364.
Lonchakova, G. A. (1975). Poslanie Vasiliya Kaliki Fedoru Dobromu [Message from Vasily Kalika to Fyodor the Kind]. In Voprosy istorii knizhnoi kul'tury. Novosibirsk, Gosudarstvennaya publichnaya nauchno-tekhnicheskaya biblioteka Sibirskogo otdeleniya Akademii nauk SSSR. Iss. 19, pp. 83–104.
Lonchakova, G. A. (2007). O kruge chteniya novgorodskogo pisatelya arkhiepiskopa Vasiliya Kaliki (XIV vek) [On the Reading Circle of Vasily Kalika – a Novgorod Archbishop and Writer (14th Century)]. In Bibliosfera. No. 4, pp. 67–71.
Lourié, Ya. S. (1955). Srednevekovyi roman ob Aleksandre Makedonskom v russkoi literature [A Medieval Novel about Alexander the Great in Russian Literature]. In Botvinnik, M. N., Lourié, Ya. S., Tvorogov, O. V. (Eds.). (1955). Aleksandriya. Roman ob Aleksandre Makedonskom po russkoi rukopisi XV v. Moscow, Leningrad, Nauka, рр. 145–168.
Milkov, V. V. (2017). Apokrificheskie obrazy inogo mira v apokrifakh “Videnie apostola Pavla”, “Khozhdenie Bogoroditsy po mukam”, “Voprosakh i otvetakh svyatogo Afanasiya knyazyu Antiokhu” [Apocryphal Images of the Other World in the Apocrypha The Vision of Paul the Apostle, Descent of the Virgin into Hell, Questions and Answers of St Athanasius to Antiochus]. In Yazyk i tekst. Vol. 4. No. 4, pp. 85–118. DOI 10.17759/langt.2017040407.
Milkov, V. V. (1999). Drevnerusskie apokrify [Old Russian Apocrypha]. St Petersburg, Izdatel'stvo Russkogo khristianskogo gumanitarnogo instituta. 885 p.
Milkov, V. V. (2016a). Tema zemnogo raya v drevnerusskikh apokrifakh. 1. Khozhdenie Zosimy k rakhmanam [The Theme of the Earthly Paradise in Old Russian Apocrypha. 1. Zosima’s Journey to Rahmans]. In Yazyk i tekst. Vol. 3. No. 4, pp. 44–71. DOI 10.17759/langt.2016030405.
Milkov, V. V. (2016b). Tema zemnogo raya v drevnerusskikh apokrifakh. 2. Skazanie o Makarii Rimskom [The Theme of Earthly Paradise in Old Russian Apocrypha. 2. The Legend of Macarius the Roman]. In Yazyk i tekst. Vol. 3. No. 4, pp. 72–101. DOI 10.17759/langt.2016030406.
Milkov, V. V., Polyanskii, S. M. (Eds.). (2009). Kosmologicheskie proizvedeniya v knizhnosti Drevnei Rusi v 2 ch. [Cosmological Works in the Literature of Old Rus'. 2 Parts]. St Petersburg, Mir. Part 2. Teksty ploskostno-komarnoi i drugikh kosmologicheskikh traditsii. 623 p.
Milkov, V.V. (2015). Drevnerusskie predstavleniya ob inom mire [Old Russian Ideas about the Other World]. In Rossiya XXI. No. 5, pp. 64–91.
Mochul'skii, V. N. (1893). Sledy narodnoi Biblii v slavyanskoi i drevnerusskoi pis'mennosti [Traces of the Folk Bible in Slavonic and Russian Literature]. Odessa, Tipografiya shtatnykh voisk Odesskogo voennogo okruga. 281 p.
Nikiforov, A. I. (1923). Mineinye i prolozhnye teksty apokrifa o Makarii Rimskom v slavyanorusskikh perevodakh [Menaion and Prolog Texts of the Apocrypha about Macarius the Roman in Slavic-Russian Translations]. In Izvestiya obshchestva arkheologii, istorii i etnografii pri Kazanskom universitete. Kazan', Tipografiya “Krasnyi pechatnik”. Vol. 32. Iss. 2, pp. 131–186.
Pamyatniki starinnoi russkoi literatury, izdavaemye grafom Grigoriem Kushelevym-Bezborodko [Texts of Old Russian Literature Issued by Grigory Kushelev-Bezborodko]. (1862). St Petersburg, Tipografiya P. A. Kulisha. Iss. 3 Lozhnye i otrechennye knigi russkoi stariny, sobrannye A. N. Pypinym. [6], 180 p.
Piotrovskaya, V. K. (2004). “Khristianskaya topografiya Koz'my Indikoplova” v drevnerusskoi pis'mennoi traditsii [The Christian Topography of Cosmas Indicopleustes in the Old Russian Written Tradition]. St Petersburg, Dmitrii Bulanin. 248 р.
Popov, A. (1872). Opisanie rukopisei i katalog knig tserkovnoi pechati biblioteki A. I. Khludova [Description of Manuscripts and Catalogue of the Church Books of A. I. Khludov’s Library]. Moscow, Sinodal'naya tipografiya. [10], X, 664, 54 р.
RGADA [Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts]. Stock 181. List 1. No. 1, 53.
RGB [Russian State Library]. (Sobranie I. D. Belyaeva). No. 54 (byvshee Sobranie Rumyantsevskogo muzeya. No. 1548); (Sobranie E. E. Egorova). No. 202; (Sobranie G. G. Yudina). No. 2.
RNB [National Library of Russia]. (Sobranie Kirillo-Belozerskogo monastyrya). No. 4/1081, 11/1088; (Sobranie Solovetskogo monastyrya). No. 860/970, 861; (Sobranie Sofiiskoi biblioteki). No. 1450, 1449.
Rzhiga, V. F. (1930). Novaya versiya legendy o zemnom rae [A New Version of the Legend of Earthly Paradise]. In Byzantinoslavica. Roč. II, s. 374–385.
Sedelʼnikov, A. D. (1927). Vasilij Kalika: Lʼhistoire et la legende. In Revue des etudes slaves. Vol. 7. Fasc. 3–4, pp. 224–240.
Sedel'nikov, A. D. (1937–1938). Motiv o rae v russkom srednevekovom prenii [The Motif of Paradise in the Russian Medieval Debate]. In Byzantinoslavica. Roč. VII, s. 164–173.
Tikhonravov, N. S. (1863). Pamyatniki otrechennoi russkoi literatury v 2 t. [Texts of Heretical Russian Literature. 2 Vols.]. Moscow, Tipografiya tovarishchestva “Obshchestvennaya pol'za”. Vol. 2. 457 p.
Udal'tsova, Z. V. (Ed.). (1984). Kul'tura VizantiI. IV – pervaya polovina VII v. [The Culture of Byzantium. 4th – First Half of 7th Centuries]. Moscow, Nauka. 723 p.
Vaneeva, E. I. (1987). Aleksandriya Serbskaya [Serbian Alexandria]. In Slovar' knizhnikov i knizhnosti Drevnei Rusi. Iss. 1. XI – pervaya polovina XIV v. Leningrad, Nauka, рр. 21–25.
Veselovsky, A. N. (1886). Iz istorii romana i povesti. Materialy i issledovaniya [From the History of the Novel and Story. Materials and Research]. St Petersburg, Tipografiya Imperatorskoi Akademii nauk. 511, 80 р. (Sbornik Otdeleniya russkogo yazyka i slovesnosti Imperatorskoi Akademii nauk. Vol. 40. No. 2).
Veselovsky, A. N. (1891). Razyskaniya v oblasti russkogo dukhovnogo stikha [Studies in the Field of Russian Spiritual Verse]. Iss. 6. XVIII–XXIV. St Petersburg, Tipografiya Imperatorskoi Akademii nauk. [2], 230, 174 р. (Sbornik Otdeleniya russkogo yazyka i slovesnosti Imperatorskoi Akademii nauk. Vol. 53. No. 6).
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2020-04-01
How to Cite
Milkov, V. (2020). Earthly Paradise in the Religious Ideas of Old Rus’. Quaestio Rossica, 8(1), 19–35. https://doi.org/10.15826/qr.2020.1.445
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Problema voluminis
