Земной рай в религиозных представлениях Древней Руси
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15826/qr.2020.1.445Ключевые слова:
Древняя Русь; апокрифы; земной рай; Василий Калика; «Послание о рае»; русский средневековый менталитетАннотация
Предметом исследования являются христианские представления об ином мире и разные трактовки земного рая в Древней Руси. Объект исследования – содержание ортодоксальных, апокрифических и легендарных текстов. Для этой цели привлечены как опубликованные, так и архивные источники. В статье суммируются и сопоставляются тексты, описывающие потусторонний мир и путешествия к земному раю: «Послание о рае», «Сказание о Макарии Римском», «Хождение Зосимы к рахманам», «Хождение Агапия в рай», «Чувственный рай, или разумен», «О райских реках», «Вопросы и ответы Афанасия Антиоху», «Палея Толковая», «Слово о правой вере» и др. Воззрения на инобытие изучаются с позиций междисциплинарного подхода, позволяющего объединить идейно-религиозную интерпретацию с приемами конкретно-исторического и текстологического анализа. Установлено, что единого понимания иного мира в Древней Руси не существовало, и это нашло отражение в спорах о рае. Существовало три концепции толкования природы рая: рай земной; рай как ноуменальная сущность, недоступная чувствам; сотворенный Богом рай для прародителей наполовину небесной, эфирной природы. Василий Калика, автор «Послания о рае», был сторонником островной концепции рая в отдаленных морских просторах. Аргументация Василия базировалась на данных церковных источников, апокрифов и рассказов «очевидцев». Самыми важными доказательствами существования земного рая архиепископ считал книжные и фольклорные рассказы о путешествиях к нему. Сделан вывод, что вера в земной рай на Руси формировалась под влиянием антиохийской традиции богословия, апокрифических хождений к раю и народных легенд о достижении края света. Религиозные представления о рае епископа Василия Калики и его паствы – это результат синтеза ортодоксальных, апокрифических и дохристианских идей.
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Dergacheva, I. V. (2004). Posmertnaya sud'ba i “inoi mir” v drevnerusskoi knizhnosti [Posthumous Fate and the “Other World” in Old Russian Literature]. Moscow, Krug''. 351 p.
Des Hl. Johannes von Damascus. (1981). Ἔκθεσις ἀκριβὴς τῆς ὀρθοδόξου πίστεως in der Übersetzung des Exarchen Johannes / Hrsg. von L. Sadnik. Wiesbaden ‒ Freiburg, Verlag Otto Harrassowitz. Bd. 2. 412 S. (Monumenta linguae slavicae dialecti veteris: fontes et dissertationes. T. XIV).
Eleonskaya, E. N. (1994). Predstavleniya “togo sveta” v skazochnoi traditsii [Ideas about the “Other World” in the Fairytale Tradition]. In Skazka, zagovor i koldovstvo v Rossii. Moscow, Indrik, pp. 42–50.
Fedorovskaya, N. A. (2013). Ritoricheskie traditsii argumentatsii v “Poslanii o rae” Vasiliya Kaliki [Rhetorical Traditions of Argumentation in the Epistle about Paradise by Vasily Kalika]. In Izvestiya Vladivostokskogo gosudarstvennogo pedagogicheskogo universiteta. No. 1, pp. 56–59.
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Istrin, V. M. (1920). Knigy vremennyya i obraznyya Georgiya Mnikha. Khronika Georgiya Amartola v drevnem slavyano-russkom perevode [Temporal and Figurative Books by George Mnich. The Chronicle of George Hamarthol in an Old Slavic-Russian Translation.]. Petrograd, Rossiiskaya gosudarstvennaya akademicheskaya tipografiya. Vol. 1. Tekst. XVIII, 612, III p.
Levkievskaya, E. E. (2004) Predstavleniya o “tom svete” u vostochnykh slavyan [Representations of the “Other World” among the Eastern Slavs]. In Slavyanskii al'manakh. 2003. Moscow, Indrik, pp. 342–364.
Lonchakova, G. A. (1975). Poslanie Vasiliya Kaliki Fedoru Dobromu [Message from Vasily Kalika to Fyodor the Kind]. In Voprosy istorii knizhnoi kul'tury. Novosibirsk, Gosudarstvennaya publichnaya nauchno-tekhnicheskaya biblioteka Sibirskogo otdeleniya Akademii nauk SSSR. Iss. 19, pp. 83–104.
Lonchakova, G. A. (2007). O kruge chteniya novgorodskogo pisatelya arkhiepiskopa Vasiliya Kaliki (XIV vek) [On the Reading Circle of Vasily Kalika – a Novgorod Archbishop and Writer (14th Century)]. In Bibliosfera. No. 4, pp. 67–71.
Lourié, Ya. S. (1955). Srednevekovyi roman ob Aleksandre Makedonskom v russkoi literature [A Medieval Novel about Alexander the Great in Russian Literature]. In Botvinnik, M. N., Lourié, Ya. S., Tvorogov, O. V. (Eds.). (1955). Aleksandriya. Roman ob Aleksandre Makedonskom po russkoi rukopisi XV v. Moscow, Leningrad, Nauka, рр. 145–168.
Milkov, V. V. (2017). Apokrificheskie obrazy inogo mira v apokrifakh “Videnie apostola Pavla”, “Khozhdenie Bogoroditsy po mukam”, “Voprosakh i otvetakh svyatogo Afanasiya knyazyu Antiokhu” [Apocryphal Images of the Other World in the Apocrypha The Vision of Paul the Apostle, Descent of the Virgin into Hell, Questions and Answers of St Athanasius to Antiochus]. In Yazyk i tekst. Vol. 4. No. 4, pp. 85–118. DOI 10.17759/langt.2017040407.
Milkov, V. V. (1999). Drevnerusskie apokrify [Old Russian Apocrypha]. St Petersburg, Izdatel'stvo Russkogo khristianskogo gumanitarnogo instituta. 885 p.
Milkov, V. V. (2016a). Tema zemnogo raya v drevnerusskikh apokrifakh. 1. Khozhdenie Zosimy k rakhmanam [The Theme of the Earthly Paradise in Old Russian Apocrypha. 1. Zosima’s Journey to Rahmans]. In Yazyk i tekst. Vol. 3. No. 4, pp. 44–71. DOI 10.17759/langt.2016030405.
Milkov, V. V. (2016b). Tema zemnogo raya v drevnerusskikh apokrifakh. 2. Skazanie o Makarii Rimskom [The Theme of Earthly Paradise in Old Russian Apocrypha. 2. The Legend of Macarius the Roman]. In Yazyk i tekst. Vol. 3. No. 4, pp. 72–101. DOI 10.17759/langt.2016030406.
Milkov, V. V., Polyanskii, S. M. (Eds.). (2009). Kosmologicheskie proizvedeniya v knizhnosti Drevnei Rusi v 2 ch. [Cosmological Works in the Literature of Old Rus'. 2 Parts]. St Petersburg, Mir. Part 2. Teksty ploskostno-komarnoi i drugikh kosmologicheskikh traditsii. 623 p.
Milkov, V.V. (2015). Drevnerusskie predstavleniya ob inom mire [Old Russian Ideas about the Other World]. In Rossiya XXI. No. 5, pp. 64–91.
Mochul'skii, V. N. (1893). Sledy narodnoi Biblii v slavyanskoi i drevnerusskoi pis'mennosti [Traces of the Folk Bible in Slavonic and Russian Literature]. Odessa, Tipografiya shtatnykh voisk Odesskogo voennogo okruga. 281 p.
Nikiforov, A. I. (1923). Mineinye i prolozhnye teksty apokrifa o Makarii Rimskom v slavyanorusskikh perevodakh [Menaion and Prolog Texts of the Apocrypha about Macarius the Roman in Slavic-Russian Translations]. In Izvestiya obshchestva arkheologii, istorii i etnografii pri Kazanskom universitete. Kazan', Tipografiya “Krasnyi pechatnik”. Vol. 32. Iss. 2, pp. 131–186.
Pamyatniki starinnoi russkoi literatury, izdavaemye grafom Grigoriem Kushelevym-Bezborodko [Texts of Old Russian Literature Issued by Grigory Kushelev-Bezborodko]. (1862). St Petersburg, Tipografiya P. A. Kulisha. Iss. 3 Lozhnye i otrechennye knigi russkoi stariny, sobrannye A. N. Pypinym. [6], 180 p.
Piotrovskaya, V. K. (2004). “Khristianskaya topografiya Koz'my Indikoplova” v drevnerusskoi pis'mennoi traditsii [The Christian Topography of Cosmas Indicopleustes in the Old Russian Written Tradition]. St Petersburg, Dmitrii Bulanin. 248 р.
Popov, A. (1872). Opisanie rukopisei i katalog knig tserkovnoi pechati biblioteki A. I. Khludova [Description of Manuscripts and Catalogue of the Church Books of A. I. Khludov’s Library]. Moscow, Sinodal'naya tipografiya. [10], X, 664, 54 р.
RGADA [Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts]. Stock 181. List 1. No. 1, 53.
RGB [Russian State Library]. (Sobranie I. D. Belyaeva). No. 54 (byvshee Sobranie Rumyantsevskogo muzeya. No. 1548); (Sobranie E. E. Egorova). No. 202; (Sobranie G. G. Yudina). No. 2.
RNB [National Library of Russia]. (Sobranie Kirillo-Belozerskogo monastyrya). No. 4/1081, 11/1088; (Sobranie Solovetskogo monastyrya). No. 860/970, 861; (Sobranie Sofiiskoi biblioteki). No. 1450, 1449.
Rzhiga, V. F. (1930). Novaya versiya legendy o zemnom rae [A New Version of the Legend of Earthly Paradise]. In Byzantinoslavica. Roč. II, s. 374–385.
Sedelʼnikov, A. D. (1927). Vasilij Kalika: Lʼhistoire et la legende. In Revue des etudes slaves. Vol. 7. Fasc. 3–4, pp. 224–240.
Sedel'nikov, A. D. (1937–1938). Motiv o rae v russkom srednevekovom prenii [The Motif of Paradise in the Russian Medieval Debate]. In Byzantinoslavica. Roč. VII, s. 164–173.
Tikhonravov, N. S. (1863). Pamyatniki otrechennoi russkoi literatury v 2 t. [Texts of Heretical Russian Literature. 2 Vols.]. Moscow, Tipografiya tovarishchestva “Obshchestvennaya pol'za”. Vol. 2. 457 p.
Udal'tsova, Z. V. (Ed.). (1984). Kul'tura VizantiI. IV – pervaya polovina VII v. [The Culture of Byzantium. 4th – First Half of 7th Centuries]. Moscow, Nauka. 723 p.
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Загрузки
Опубликован
2020-04-01
Как цитировать
Milkov, V. (2020). Земной рай в религиозных представлениях Древней Руси. Quaestio Rossica, 8(1), 19–35. https://doi.org/10.15826/qr.2020.1.445
Выпуск
Раздел
Problema voluminis
