Брачные стратегии в единоверческой общине Екатеринбурга в начале XX в.
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15826/qr.2019.4.440Ключевые слова:
единоверие; православие; старообрядчество; брачные стратегии; религиозная идентичность; Урал; конфессиональные отношенияАннотация
Выявление принципиальных качественных характеристик отдельной социоконфессиональной группы необходимо для понимания ее места и роли в обществе. Единоверие являлось формой присоединения старообрядцев к государственной православной церкви с сохранением богослужения по книгам и обрядам дореформенного образца, но с подчинением епископам синодальной церкви. Правила единоверия были сформулированы соединенными усилиями старообрядцев и митрополита Московского Платона (Левшина), утверждены императором Павлом I указом 27 октября 1800 г. На практике довольно быстро проявились противоречия, изначально присутствовавшие в единоверии как компромиссе между труднопримиримыми сторонами – синодальной церковью, видевшей в нем миссионерский инструмент для обращения «раскольников», и старообрядческими организациями, стремившимися получить легальный статус с самостоятельной иерархией. Изменение состава прихожан в единоверческих общинах происходило неожиданным образом – в начале XX в. обращение за исполнением таинств в единоверческий приход стало привлекательным для паствы, причисленной к «господствующему православному исповеданию». Этому способствовала эволюция в отношении единоверия со стороны властей, государственной церкви и ее прихожан: направление получало все больше признания в качестве самостоятельного варианта российского православия. Увеличивавшееся присутствие православных среди венчавшихся в единоверческой церкви кардинальным образом меняло состав и облик прихода. В статье представлены результаты анализа метрических записей о браках в 1901–1918 гг. в Свято-Троицкой церкви Екатеринбурга – крупнейшем единоверческом городском центре на Урале. Приведенные материалы свидетельствуют о постепенном размывании конфессиональных границ между официальным православием и единоверием в повседневной жизни, обусловленном комплексом причин не всегда церковно-религиозного свойства.
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Odnodnevnaya perepis’ zhitelei gubernskogo goroda Permi, proizvedennaya 7-go aprelya 1890 goda [One-Day Census of Perm Provincial City as of 7 April 1890]. (1892). Perm’, Tipografiya naslednikov P. F. Kamenskogo. 107 p.
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Shleev, S., priest. (1910). Edinoverie v svoem vnutrennem razvitii (v raz”yasnenie ego malorasprostranennosti sredi staroobryadtsev) [Edinoverie in Its Internal Development (An Explanation of its Limited Spread among Old Believers)]. St Petersburg, Sinodal’naya tipografiya. 362 p.
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Yubileinaya pamyatnaya kniga dlya dukhovenstva, izdannaya po sluchayu 100-letiya (1799–16 oktyabrya – 1899 goda) s prilozheniem adresov dukhovenstva Permskoi i Ekaterinburgskoi eparkhii [Anniversary Book for Priesthood, Published for the Centenary (1799–1899) with an Appendix of Addresses of the Clergy of Perm and Yekaterinburg Dioceses]. (1899). Perm’, Tipolitografiya Gubernskogo pravleniya. 490 p.
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Baidin, V. I. (2003). U vlasti. Kuptsy-staroobryadtsy i Obshchestvo staroobryadtsev Sibirskogo kraya [In Power. Merchant Old Believers and the Society of Old Believers in the Siberian Region]. In Rodina. No. 8, pp. 117–120.
Belolikov, V. Z. (1917). K voprosu o edinoverii [On the Question of Edinoverie]. Kiev, Tipografiya aktsionernogo obshchestva “Petr Barskii v Kieve”. 26 p.
Chel’tsov, M. P. (1900). Edinoverie za vremya stoletnego sushchestvovaniya ego v russkoi tserkvi. 27 oktyabrya 1800 g. – 27 oktyabrya 1900 g. (Ocherki iz istorii edinoveriya) [The Centenary of Edinoverie’s Existence in the Russian Church (27 October 1800–27 October 1900) (Notes on the History of Edinoverie)]. St Petersburg, Tipografiya V. V. Komarova. 94 p.
GAKO [State Archive of Kirov Region]. Stock 237. List 139. Dos. 1816.
GASO [State Archive of Sverdlovsk Region]. Stock 6. List 13. Dos. 22, 65, 165.
Glavatskaya, E., Borovik, Iu. (2019). The Old Believers and Their Marriage in the Early Twentieth Century Urals, Russia: A Microdata Analysis. In Transylvanian Rev. Vol. 28. No. 1, pp. 112–130.
Glavatskaya, E., Thorvaldsen, G., Borovik, Iu., Zabolotnykh, E., Bakharev, D., Bobitskii, A. (2018). Intermarriage in the Late 19th to Early 20th Century Towards a Comparison of Russian and Norwegian Mixed Marriages [Presentation for European Social Science History Conference, 4–7 April 2018 in Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK]. In Naselenie Urala (konets XIX – nachalo XX v.) [website of project]. URL: https://urappurgi.urfu.ru/fileadmin/user_upload/site_15181/presentations/2018_04_Belfast.ppsx (mode of access: 10.10.2018).
Il’in, V. N. (2012). Edinoverie v XIX v. na territorii Tomskoi gubernii [Edinoverie in Tomsk Province in the 19th Century]. In Izvestiya Altaiskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. No. 4–2 (76), pp. 85–91.
Ivanov, K. Yu. (2018). Spetsifika sushchestvovaniya edinovercheskogo prikhoda v usloviyakh svobody veroispovedaniya (na primere sela Ust’-Gorskogo Elanskoi volosti Tyukalinskogo uezda Tobol’skoi gubernii) [Specifics of Edinoverie Parishes in the Conditions of Religious Freedom (with Reference to Ust’-Gorskoe Settlement of Elansk Volost, Tyukalinskiy Uyezd, Tobolsk Province]. In Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo pedagogicheskogo universiteta. No. 5 (194), pp. 117–122. DOI 10.23951/1609–624X‑2018–5–117–122.
Kataev, O. I. (Ed.). (2004). Svyato-Troitskii kafedral’nyi sobor [St Trinity Cathedral]. Yekaterinburg, OMTA. 163 p.
Kaurkin, R. V., Pavlova, O. A. (2011). Edinoverie v Rossii (ot zarozhdeniya idei do nachala XX veka) [Edinoverie in Russia from the Origins of the Idea to the Beginning of the 20th Century]. St Petersburg, Aleteiya. 199 p.
Kil’chevskii, V. A. (1907). Bogatstvo i dokhody dukhovenstva [Wealth and Income of Priesthood]. Moscow, Tipografiya F. Ya. Burche. 46 p.
Kuznetsov, A. T. (1912). Moi vpechatleniya [My Impressions]. In Staraya Rus’. No. 5, p. 85.
Lebedev, E. E. (1904). Edinoverie v protivodeistvii russkomu obryadovomu raskolu. Ocherk po istorii i statistike edinoveriya s obzorom sushchestvuyushchikh o nem mnenii i prilozheniyami [Edinoverie in Counteracting the Russian Schism. Notes on the History and Statistics of Edinoverie with a Review of Opinions and Appendices]. Novgorod, Parovaya tipografiya M. O. Selivanova. 82 p.
Maiorov, R. A. (2014). Svyashchennik Ioann Timofeevich Verkhovskii (1818–1891) [Priest Ioann Timofeevich Verhovskiy, 1818–1891]. In Ioann Verkhovskii, archp. Trudy. St Petersburg, Kvadrivium, pp. 656–689.
Mozel’, Kh. (1864). Materialy dlya geografii i statistiki Rossii, sobrannye ofitserami General’nogo shtaba v 39 t. [Materials for the Geography and Statistics of Russia, Collected by the General Staff Officers. 39 Vols.]. St Petersburg, Tipografiya F. Peterson. Vol. 39. Permskaya guberniya. Part 2. 457 p.
Odnodnevnaya perepis’ zhitelei gubernskogo goroda Permi, proizvedennaya 7-go aprelya 1890 goda [One-Day Census of Perm Provincial City as of 7 April 1890]. (1892). Perm’, Tipografiya naslednikov P. F. Kamenskogo. 107 p.
OR RNB [Department of Manuscripts of the National Library of Russia]. OSRK. Q. I. 1094; Tit. 288.
Palkin, A. S. (2014). Edinoverie v kontse 1820-kh – 1850-e gg.: mekhanizmy gosudarstvennogo prinuzhdeniya i protivostoyanie staroverov [Edinoverie in the 1820s‒1850s: Mechanisms of State Oppression and Old-Believer Opposition]. In Quaestio Rossica. No. 3, pp. 176–193.
Palkin, A. S. (2016). Edinoverie v seredine XVIII – nachale XX v.: obshcherossiiskii kontekst i regional’naya spetsifika [Edinoverie in the Mid‑18th – Early 20th Centuries: National Context and Regional Specifics]. Yekaterinburg, Izdatel’stvo Ural’skogo universiteta. 338 p.
Pokrovskii, N. N., Zol’nikova, N. D. (2002). Starovery-chasovennye na vostoke Rossii [Chasovennye Old Believers in the East of Russia]. Moscow, Pamyatniki istoricheskoi mysli. 471 p.
PSZ [The Complete Collection of Laws of the Russian Empire]. Collection 2. Vol. 49.
PSZ [The Complete Collection of Laws of the Russian Empire]. Collection 3. Vol. 3, 25, 26.
Rubakin, N. A. (1912). Rossiya v tsifrakh. Strana. Narod. Sosloviya. Klassy. Opyt statisticheskoi kharakteristiki soslovno-klassovogo sostava naseleniya russkogo gosudarstva (na osnovanii ofitsial’nykh i nauchnykh issledovanii) [Russia in Numbers. Country. Population. Estates. Classes. Experience of Statistical Characteristics of the Estate and Class Composition of Russian State Population (with Reference to Official and Scholarly Research)]. St Petersburg, Izdatel’stvo “Vestnika znaniya” (V. V. Bitnera). 216 p.
Shleev, S., priest. (1910). Edinoverie v svoem vnutrennem razvitii (v raz”yasnenie ego malorasprostranennosti sredi staroobryadtsev) [Edinoverie in Its Internal Development (An Explanation of its Limited Spread among Old Believers)]. St Petersburg, Sinodal’naya tipografiya. 362 p.
Simanov, I. I. (Ed.). (1889). Gorod Ekaterinburg. Sbornik istoriko-statisticheskikh i spravochnykh svedenii po gorodu s adresnym ukazatelem i s prisoedineniem nekotorykh svedenii po Ekaterinburgskomu uezdu [Yekaterinburg. A Collection of Historical and Statistical Data on the City, with Addresses and Some Additional Data on Yekaterinburg Uyezd]. Yekaterinburg, Tipografiya gazety “Ekaterinburgskaya nedelya”. 1258 p.
Troinitskii, N. A. (Ed.). (1904). Pervaya Vseobshchaya perepis’ naseleniya Rossiiskoi imperii, 1897 g. v 89 t. [The First National Census of the Russian Empire, 1897. 89 Vols.] St Petersburg, Tipografiya “Slovo”. Vol. 31. Permskaya guberniya. 301 p.
Trudy Pervogo Vserossiiskogo s”ezda pravoslavnykh staroobryadtsev (edinovertsev) [22–29 yanvarya 1912] [Materials of the First National Edinoverie Congress [22–29 January 1912]]. (2012). Moscow, Pravoslavnyi Svyato-Tikhonovskii gumanitarnyi universitet. 607 p.
White, J. M. (2015). Edinoverie i ofitsial’noe pravoslavie: neudavshiisya opyt ob”edineniya v praktike publichnykh tseremonii (1900–1913) [Edinoverie and Official Orthodoxy: The Failure of Unity in Ceremonial Practice (1900–1913)]. In Quaestio Rossica. No. 2, pp. 201–223. DOI 10.15826/qr.2015.2.104.
White, J. M. (2016). Orthodox Old Belief: Edinoverie as a Movement for Religious Rejuvenation in the Russian Church, 1905–1918. In Russian History. Vol. 43. Iss. 2, pp. 181–208. DOI 10.1163/18763316–04302004.
White, J. M. (2018). Missionary, Reformer, and Old Believer in Revolutionary Russia: Bishop Andrei (Ukhtomskii) (1872–1937). In J. of Religious History. Vol. 42. Iss. 3, pp. 359–389. DOI 10.1111/1467–9809.12491.
Yubileinaya pamyatnaya kniga dlya dukhovenstva, izdannaya po sluchayu 100-letiya (1799–16 oktyabrya – 1899 goda) s prilozheniem adresov dukhovenstva Permskoi i Ekaterinburgskoi eparkhii [Anniversary Book for Priesthood, Published for the Centenary (1799–1899) with an Appendix of Addresses of the Clergy of Perm and Yekaterinburg Dioceses]. (1899). Perm’, Tipolitografiya Gubernskogo pravleniya. 490 p.
Zav’yalov, A. (Ed.). (1901). Tsirkulyarnye ukazy Svyateishego Pravitel’stvuyushchego Sinoda (1867–1900 gg.) [Circular Edicts of the Holy Synod (1867–1900)]. 2nd Ed. St Petersburg, publ. by I. L. Tuzov. 444 p.
Zhurnal Ekaterinburgskoi gorodskoi dumy za 1904 g. [Journal of Yekaterinburg City Council, 1904]. (1905). Yekaterinburg, Tipografiya V. N. Alekseeva, P. N. Galina i Ko, pp. 80–81.
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2019-12-21
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Palkin, A., & Borovik, I. (2019). Брачные стратегии в единоверческой общине Екатеринбурга в начале XX в. Quaestio Rossica, 7(4), 1311–1323. https://doi.org/10.15826/qr.2019.4.440
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