A Textbook and Its Author: The Pre-Revolutionary Russian Tradition and Soviet Innovations in Nikolay M. Nikolsky’s Work
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15826/qr.2019.4.439Ключевые слова:
советская историография; марксизм; Н. М. Никольский; советская школа; история Древнего мираАннотация
Автор останавливается на сюжете появления первого советского школьного учебника по древней истории, написанного в 1933 г. историком религии и востоковедом Н. М. Никольским (1877–1959). Основная идея статьи заключается в сопоставлении этого издания с дореволюционной традицией гимназических учебников; этот анализ дополнен разбором особенностей личной и научной биографии автора учебника. Показано, что Никольский совершил ряд решительных инноваций как с точки зрения структуры, так и с точки зрения содержания исследования, которые гораздо больше соответствовали уровню развития мировой науки о древности в первой трети XX в., чем последующие версии того же учебника, созданные коллективом авторов под руководством А. В. Мишулина. Эти инновации были по большей части отвергнуты точно так же, как к середине 1930-х гг. оказалась почти полностью отвергнута и дореволюционная марксистская традиция, замененная советским марксизмом. Соответственно, и самого Никольского нужно оценивать как русского марксиста, раскрывшего свой талант в начале советского периода, но вынужденного постепенно трансформировать свои взгляды на протяжении 1930-х гг.
Библиографические ссылки
ARAN [Archive of the Russian Academy of Sciences]. Stock 1577. List 5. Dos. 36; Stock 1619. List 1. Dos. 104.
Bushchik, L. P. (1961). Ocherk razvitiya shkol’nogo istoricheskogo obrazovaniya v SSSR [An Essay on the Development of Historical School Education in the USSR]. Moscow, Izdatel’stvo Akademii pedagogicheskikh nauk RSFSR. 540 p.
Dubrovskii, A. M. (2005). Istorik i vlast’: istoricheskaya nauka v SSSR i kontseptsiya istorii feodal’noi Rossii v kontekste politiki i ideologii (1930–1950-e gg.) [The Historian and Power: Historical Scholarship in the USSR and the Concept of the History of Feudal Russia in the Context of Politics and Ideology (1930–1950s)]. Bryansk, Izdatel’stvo Bryanskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta imeni akademika I. G. Petrovskogo. 800 p.
Franken, H. J. (1954). The Mystical Communion with Jhwh in the Book of Psalms. Leiden, E. J. Brill. 97 p.
Frey-Anthes, H. (2007). Unheilsmächte und Schutzgenien, Antiwesen und Grenzgänger. Vorstellungen von “Dämonen” im alten Israel. Fribourg, Göttingen, Academic Press, Vandenhoek & Ruprecht. 370 S.
Fyadosik, V. A. (2011). Navukovaya shkola M. M. Nikol’skaga i perspektyvy yae razvitstsya [The Scholarly School of N. M Nikolsky and Prospects for Its Development]. In Vesnіk Belaruskaga dzyarzhaўnaga ўnіversіteta. Series 3. No. 3, pp. 7–12.
Ilovaiskii, D. I. (1997). Drevnyaya istoriya. Srednie veka. Novaya istoriya [Ancient History. Middle Ages. New History]. Moscow, Sovremennik. 526 p.
Ivanov, K. A. (1907). Istoriya drevnego mira [History of the Ancient World]. 5th Ed. St Petersburg, Peterburgskii uchebnyi magazin. 258 p.
Kovalev, S. I. (1925). Vseobshchaya istoriya v populyarnom izlozhenii. Dlya samoobrazovaniya v 2 ch. [A Universal Story in a Popular Exposition. For Self-Education. 2 Parts]. Leningrad, Priboi. Part 1. Drevnii mir. 144 p.
Kovalev, S. I., Mishulin, A. V., Nikol’skii, N. M., Svanidze, A. S. (1935). Istoriya
drevnego mira. Uchebnik dlya 5-go klassa nepolnoi srednei i srednei shkoly [History of the Ancient World. Textbook for 5th Grade Junior High and High School]. Moscow, Gosudarstvennoe uchebno-pedagogicheskoe izdatel’stvo. Part 1. Drevnii Vostok i Gretsiya. 192 p.
Kovalev, S. I., Struve, V. V., Tolstov, S. P. (1934). [Retsenziya na knigu: Nikol’skii N. M. Istoriya. Doklassovoe obshchestvo. Drevnii Vostok. Antichnyi mir: uchebnik dlya srednei shkoly. 5-i god obucheniya. M., 1933] [Rev of: Nikolsky N. M. History. Pre-Class Society. Ancient East. Antiquity. Textbook for Primary School. 5th Year of Study. Moscow, 1933]. In Problemy istorii dokapitalisticheskikh obshchestv. No. 2, pp. 106–115.
Krapf, T. M. (1992). Die Priesterschrift und die vorexilische Zeit. Yehezkel Kaufmanns vernachlässigter Beitrag zur Geschichte der biblischen Religion. Freiburg, Schweiz, Universitäts Verlag, Vandenhoek & Ruprecht. 360 S.
Krikh, S. B. (2018). Istoriya porazheniya: N. M. Nikol’skii v bor’be za ponimanie obshchestvennogo stroya drevnevostochnykh obshchestv [Defeat History: Academician N. M. Nikolsky and the Struggle to Understand the Social System of Ancient Near Eastern Societies]. In Vostok. Afro-aziatskie obshchestva: istoriya i sovremennost’. No. 1, pp. 13–22. DOI 10.7868/S0869190818010028.
Leont’eva, O. B. (2004). Marksizm v Rossii na rubezhe XIX–XX vekov. Problemy metodologii istorii i teorii istoricheskogo protsessa [Marxism in Russia at the Turn of the 20th Century. Problems of the Methodology of History and the Theory of Historical Process]. Samara, Samarskii universitet. 224 p.
Locke, W. R. (1938). The Lamentation Experience: A Study of the Reactions of an Individual in Distress, as Shown in the Literatures of Babylonia and of Israel. Dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Boston, S. n. X +185 p.
Meyer, E. (1884–1902). Geschichte des Altertums. Stuttgart, J. G. Cotta. Bd. 1–5. 990 + 894 + 691 + 666 + 584 S.
Mishulin, A. V. (1940). Istoriya drevnego mira. Uchebnik dlya 5–6 klassov srednei shkoly [The History of the Ancient World: Textbook for 5–6 Grades of High School]. Moscow, Uchpedgiz. 240 p.
NA IIMK RAN [Scholar Archive of Institute of the History of Material Culture of the Russian Academy of Sciences]. Stock 2. List 1933. Dos. 28.
Nicolsky, N. (1927). Spuren magischer Formeln in den Psalmen. Giessen, Alfred Töpelmann. 97 S.
Nikol‘skaya, R. A. (1970). N. M. Nikol’skii – osnovopolozhnik nauchnoi kritiki Vetkhogo Zaveta v russkoi i sovetskoi istoriografii [N. M. Nikolsky – the Founder of Scholarly Criticism of the Old Testament in Russian and Soviet Historiography]. In Voprosy istorii drevnego mira i srednikh vekov. Iss. 1, pp. 18–48.
Nikol’skaya, R. A. (2013). Vospominaniya [Memoirs]. Kharkov, Prava lyudini. 304 p.
Nikolsky, N. M. (1927). Vaviloniya [Babylonia]. In Schmidt, O. Yu. (Ed.). Bol’shaya sovetskaya entsiklopediya v 66 t. Moscow, Sovetskaya entsiklopediya. Vol. 8, columns 508–517.
Nikolsky, N. M. (1930). Istoriya russkoi tserkvi [History of the Russian Church]. Moscow, Ateist. 248 p.
Nikolsky, N. M. (1933). Istoriya. Doklassovoe obshchestvo. Drevnii Vostok. Antichnyi mir. Uchebnik dlya srednei shkoly, 5-i god obucheniya [Pre-Class Society. Ancient East. Antiquity. Textbook for Primary School. 5th Year of Study]. Moscow, Gosudarstvennoe uchebno-pedagogicheskoe izdatel’stvo. 200 p.
Nikolsky, N. M. (1933a). Kak ya rabotal nad stabil’nym uchebnikom drevnei istorii [How I Worked on a Stable Textbook of Ancient History]. In Narodnyi uchitel’. No. 4, pp. 114–116.
O vreditel’stve v oblasti arkheologii i o likvidatsii ego posledstvii [On Sabotage in the Field of Archaeology and the Elimination of Its Consequences]. (1937). In Sovetskaya arkheologiya. Iss. 3, pp. V–X.
Prigozhin, A. G. (1934). Problema sotsial’no-ekonomicheskikh formatsii obshchestv drevnego Vostoka [The Problem of Socio-Economic Formations of Societies of the Ancient East]. In Izvestiya Gosudarstvennoi akademii istorii material’noi kul’tury. Iss. 77, pp. 4–31.
Rostovtsev, M. I. (1924). Ocherk istorii drevnego mira. Vostok. Gretsiya. Rim [Essay on the History of the Ancient World. East. Greece. Rome]. Berlin, Slovo. 396 p.
Sergeev, V. S. (1925). Istoriya drevnego Rima [History of Ancient Rome]. Moscow, Leningrad, Gosudarstvennoe izdatel’stvo. 403 p.
Tromp, N. J. (1969). Primitive Conceptions of Death and the Nether World in the Old Testament. Rome, Pontifical Biblical Inst. XXIV + 241 p.
Vinogradov, P. G. (1914). Uchebnik vseobshchei istorii v 3 ch. [Textbook on World History. 3 Parts]. 12th Ed. Moscow, published by A. A. Kartsev. Part 1. Drevnii mir. 198 p.
Vipper, R. Yu. (1907). Uchebnik drevnei istorii [A Textbook on Ancient History]. Moscow, Tipografiya I. N. Kushnereva i Ko. 212 p.
Bushchik, L. P. (1961). Ocherk razvitiya shkol’nogo istoricheskogo obrazovaniya v SSSR [An Essay on the Development of Historical School Education in the USSR]. Moscow, Izdatel’stvo Akademii pedagogicheskikh nauk RSFSR. 540 p.
Dubrovskii, A. M. (2005). Istorik i vlast’: istoricheskaya nauka v SSSR i kontseptsiya istorii feodal’noi Rossii v kontekste politiki i ideologii (1930–1950-e gg.) [The Historian and Power: Historical Scholarship in the USSR and the Concept of the History of Feudal Russia in the Context of Politics and Ideology (1930–1950s)]. Bryansk, Izdatel’stvo Bryanskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta imeni akademika I. G. Petrovskogo. 800 p.
Franken, H. J. (1954). The Mystical Communion with Jhwh in the Book of Psalms. Leiden, E. J. Brill. 97 p.
Frey-Anthes, H. (2007). Unheilsmächte und Schutzgenien, Antiwesen und Grenzgänger. Vorstellungen von “Dämonen” im alten Israel. Fribourg, Göttingen, Academic Press, Vandenhoek & Ruprecht. 370 S.
Fyadosik, V. A. (2011). Navukovaya shkola M. M. Nikol’skaga i perspektyvy yae razvitstsya [The Scholarly School of N. M Nikolsky and Prospects for Its Development]. In Vesnіk Belaruskaga dzyarzhaўnaga ўnіversіteta. Series 3. No. 3, pp. 7–12.
Ilovaiskii, D. I. (1997). Drevnyaya istoriya. Srednie veka. Novaya istoriya [Ancient History. Middle Ages. New History]. Moscow, Sovremennik. 526 p.
Ivanov, K. A. (1907). Istoriya drevnego mira [History of the Ancient World]. 5th Ed. St Petersburg, Peterburgskii uchebnyi magazin. 258 p.
Kovalev, S. I. (1925). Vseobshchaya istoriya v populyarnom izlozhenii. Dlya samoobrazovaniya v 2 ch. [A Universal Story in a Popular Exposition. For Self-Education. 2 Parts]. Leningrad, Priboi. Part 1. Drevnii mir. 144 p.
Kovalev, S. I., Mishulin, A. V., Nikol’skii, N. M., Svanidze, A. S. (1935). Istoriya
drevnego mira. Uchebnik dlya 5-go klassa nepolnoi srednei i srednei shkoly [History of the Ancient World. Textbook for 5th Grade Junior High and High School]. Moscow, Gosudarstvennoe uchebno-pedagogicheskoe izdatel’stvo. Part 1. Drevnii Vostok i Gretsiya. 192 p.
Kovalev, S. I., Struve, V. V., Tolstov, S. P. (1934). [Retsenziya na knigu: Nikol’skii N. M. Istoriya. Doklassovoe obshchestvo. Drevnii Vostok. Antichnyi mir: uchebnik dlya srednei shkoly. 5-i god obucheniya. M., 1933] [Rev of: Nikolsky N. M. History. Pre-Class Society. Ancient East. Antiquity. Textbook for Primary School. 5th Year of Study. Moscow, 1933]. In Problemy istorii dokapitalisticheskikh obshchestv. No. 2, pp. 106–115.
Krapf, T. M. (1992). Die Priesterschrift und die vorexilische Zeit. Yehezkel Kaufmanns vernachlässigter Beitrag zur Geschichte der biblischen Religion. Freiburg, Schweiz, Universitäts Verlag, Vandenhoek & Ruprecht. 360 S.
Krikh, S. B. (2018). Istoriya porazheniya: N. M. Nikol’skii v bor’be za ponimanie obshchestvennogo stroya drevnevostochnykh obshchestv [Defeat History: Academician N. M. Nikolsky and the Struggle to Understand the Social System of Ancient Near Eastern Societies]. In Vostok. Afro-aziatskie obshchestva: istoriya i sovremennost’. No. 1, pp. 13–22. DOI 10.7868/S0869190818010028.
Leont’eva, O. B. (2004). Marksizm v Rossii na rubezhe XIX–XX vekov. Problemy metodologii istorii i teorii istoricheskogo protsessa [Marxism in Russia at the Turn of the 20th Century. Problems of the Methodology of History and the Theory of Historical Process]. Samara, Samarskii universitet. 224 p.
Locke, W. R. (1938). The Lamentation Experience: A Study of the Reactions of an Individual in Distress, as Shown in the Literatures of Babylonia and of Israel. Dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Boston, S. n. X +185 p.
Meyer, E. (1884–1902). Geschichte des Altertums. Stuttgart, J. G. Cotta. Bd. 1–5. 990 + 894 + 691 + 666 + 584 S.
Mishulin, A. V. (1940). Istoriya drevnego mira. Uchebnik dlya 5–6 klassov srednei shkoly [The History of the Ancient World: Textbook for 5–6 Grades of High School]. Moscow, Uchpedgiz. 240 p.
NA IIMK RAN [Scholar Archive of Institute of the History of Material Culture of the Russian Academy of Sciences]. Stock 2. List 1933. Dos. 28.
Nicolsky, N. (1927). Spuren magischer Formeln in den Psalmen. Giessen, Alfred Töpelmann. 97 S.
Nikol‘skaya, R. A. (1970). N. M. Nikol’skii – osnovopolozhnik nauchnoi kritiki Vetkhogo Zaveta v russkoi i sovetskoi istoriografii [N. M. Nikolsky – the Founder of Scholarly Criticism of the Old Testament in Russian and Soviet Historiography]. In Voprosy istorii drevnego mira i srednikh vekov. Iss. 1, pp. 18–48.
Nikol’skaya, R. A. (2013). Vospominaniya [Memoirs]. Kharkov, Prava lyudini. 304 p.
Nikolsky, N. M. (1927). Vaviloniya [Babylonia]. In Schmidt, O. Yu. (Ed.). Bol’shaya sovetskaya entsiklopediya v 66 t. Moscow, Sovetskaya entsiklopediya. Vol. 8, columns 508–517.
Nikolsky, N. M. (1930). Istoriya russkoi tserkvi [History of the Russian Church]. Moscow, Ateist. 248 p.
Nikolsky, N. M. (1933). Istoriya. Doklassovoe obshchestvo. Drevnii Vostok. Antichnyi mir. Uchebnik dlya srednei shkoly, 5-i god obucheniya [Pre-Class Society. Ancient East. Antiquity. Textbook for Primary School. 5th Year of Study]. Moscow, Gosudarstvennoe uchebno-pedagogicheskoe izdatel’stvo. 200 p.
Nikolsky, N. M. (1933a). Kak ya rabotal nad stabil’nym uchebnikom drevnei istorii [How I Worked on a Stable Textbook of Ancient History]. In Narodnyi uchitel’. No. 4, pp. 114–116.
O vreditel’stve v oblasti arkheologii i o likvidatsii ego posledstvii [On Sabotage in the Field of Archaeology and the Elimination of Its Consequences]. (1937). In Sovetskaya arkheologiya. Iss. 3, pp. V–X.
Prigozhin, A. G. (1934). Problema sotsial’no-ekonomicheskikh formatsii obshchestv drevnego Vostoka [The Problem of Socio-Economic Formations of Societies of the Ancient East]. In Izvestiya Gosudarstvennoi akademii istorii material’noi kul’tury. Iss. 77, pp. 4–31.
Rostovtsev, M. I. (1924). Ocherk istorii drevnego mira. Vostok. Gretsiya. Rim [Essay on the History of the Ancient World. East. Greece. Rome]. Berlin, Slovo. 396 p.
Sergeev, V. S. (1925). Istoriya drevnego Rima [History of Ancient Rome]. Moscow, Leningrad, Gosudarstvennoe izdatel’stvo. 403 p.
Tromp, N. J. (1969). Primitive Conceptions of Death and the Nether World in the Old Testament. Rome, Pontifical Biblical Inst. XXIV + 241 p.
Vinogradov, P. G. (1914). Uchebnik vseobshchei istorii v 3 ch. [Textbook on World History. 3 Parts]. 12th Ed. Moscow, published by A. A. Kartsev. Part 1. Drevnii mir. 198 p.
Vipper, R. Yu. (1907). Uchebnik drevnei istorii [A Textbook on Ancient History]. Moscow, Tipografiya I. N. Kushnereva i Ko. 212 p.
Загрузки
Опубликован
2019-12-21
Как цитировать
Krikh, S. (2019). A Textbook and Its Author: The Pre-Revolutionary Russian Tradition and Soviet Innovations in Nikolay M. Nikolsky’s Work. Quaestio Rossica, 7(4), 1299–1308. https://doi.org/10.15826/qr.2019.4.439
Выпуск
Раздел
Hereditas: nomina et scholae
