Земля трудящемуся народу: аграрный вопрос в политической программе старообрядцев
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15826/qr.2019.4.436Ключевые слова:
революция 1917 г.; старообрядчество; крестьянство; аграрный вопрос; земельный вопросАннотация
Статья содержит анализ положений старообрядцев различных согласий по аграрному вопросу с использованием историко-генетического, историко-сопоставительного и историко-типологического методов исторического исследования. Привлечены программные и актовые документы старообрядческих организаций, съездов и совещаний, публицистические материалы, а также их эпистолярное наследие. Старообрядчество в целом предлагало решить земельный вопрос в рамках концепции с элементами либеральной (кадетской) программы. Однако, в отличие от кадетов, предлагавших в 1917 г. передачу земли фонда в бессрочное пользование, старообрядцы (в том числе крестьяне) настаивали на частнособственническом характере крестьянских хозяйств, получивших землю. Небольшая часть крестьян-старообрядцев в отдельных регионах восприняли лозунги эсеров. Но в целом старообрядческая версия решения земельной проблемы имела уникальное сочетание черт. Это во многом объяснялось спецификой демократического и полемического устройства старообрядческого сообщества. Крестьяне-старообрядцы (в массе своей – крепкие хозяева) никогда не отказывали в доверии своим представительным организациям и форумам, в которых принимали активное участие. Сформулированные на съездах и собраниях самими крестьянами точки зрения на земельную проблему действительно учитывались политической верхушкой староверчества и оказывали значительное влияние на резолюции этих съездов. Важнейшие разногласия при этом вызывал принцип непредрешенчества, строго воспроизводившийся в политических документах ревнителей древнего благочестия различных согласий. Позиция старообрядцев по важнейшим политическим и экономическим вопросам революционного времени отличалась тем, что большое значение они придавали христианской и даже хилиастической окраске своих политических проектов, основывавшихся на христианстве с его требованиями правды и справедливости, братства и любви.
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Osvyashchennyi Sobor. Den’ 2-i [The Consecrated Cathedral. Day 2]. (1917). In Slovo Tserkvi. No. 25, pp. 457–459.
Pamyatnaya zapis’ o zasedaniyakh Vserossiiskogo s’’ezda [A Memorandum about the Meetings of the All-Russian Congress]. (1917). In Vestnik Vserossiiskogo soyuza khristian pomorskogo soglasiya. No. 1, pp. 4–8.
Politicheskaya programma staroobryadtsev vsekh soglasii [Political Programme of Old Believers of all Concords]. (1917). In Slovo Tserkvi. No. 23, pp. 417–419.
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Postanovlenie narodnogo sobraniya staroobryadtsev g. Egor’evska i ego okrestnostei, 30 aprelya 1917 g. [The Resolution of the People’s Assembly of Old Believers of Yegoryevsk and Its Vicinities, on 30 April 1917]. (1917). In Slovo Tserkvi. No. 22, pp. 414–415.
Protasov, L. G. (1997). Vserossiiskoe uchreditel’noe sobranie. Istoriya rozhdeniya i gibeli [All-Russian Constituent Assembly. The History of Its Establishment and Collapse]. Moscow, ROSSPEN. 380 p.
Pyzhikov, A. V. (2013). Grani russkogo raskola. Zametki o nashei istorii ot XVII veka do 1917 goda [The Facets of the Russian Schism. Notes about Our History from the 17th Century to 1917]. Moscow, Drevlekhranilishche. 646 p.
Red’kina, O. Yu. (2003). Staroobryadtsy Nizhnei Volgi v 1917 g. [Old Believers of the Lower Volga in 1917]. In Russkaya pravoslavnaya tserkov’ i mezhkonfessional’nye otnosheniya v Nizhnem Povolzh’e. Volgograd, Izdatel’stvo Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, pp. 38–47.
Red’kina, O. Yu. (2012). Starovery Nizhnei Volgi i Dona v kontse XIX – ХХ veke [The Old Believers of the Lower Volga and Don Regions in the Late 19th – 20th Centuries]. In Otechestvennaya istoriya. No. 4, pp. 15–27.
Rezolyutsiya sobraniya saratovskogo politicheskogo komiteta staroobryadtsev pomortsev [The Resolution of a Meeting of the Saratov Political Committee of Pomortsy Old Believers]. (1917). In Slovo Tserkvi. No. 21, p. 398.
Seleznev, F. A. (2005). D. V. Sirotkin i Vserossiiskie s’’ezdy staroobryadtsev v nachale XX veka [D. V. Sirotkin and the All-Russian Congresses of Old Believers in the Early 20th Century]. In Otechestvennaya istoriya. No. 5, pp. 78–90.
Seleznev, F. A. (2014). Staroobryadchestvo kak kontrelita? [Old Belief as Counter-Elite?]. In Rossiiskaya istoriya. No. 6, pp. 188–192.
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Shakhnazarov, O. L. (2004). Otnoshenie k sobstvennosti u staroobryadtsev (do 1917 goda) [Old Believers’ Attitude to Property (until 1917)]. In Voprosy istorii. No. 4, pp. 53‒70.
Shakhnazarov, O. L. (2007). Korni russkogo sotsializma [The Origins of Russian Socialism]. In Voprosy filosofii. No. 6, pp. 24–37.
Shelokhaev, V. V. (2015). Konstitutsionno-demokraticheskaya partiya v Rossii i emigratsii [The Constitutional Democratic Party in Russia and in Emigration]. Moscow, ROSSPEN. 863 p.
Sirotkin, D. V. (1917). Rech’ na Vserossiiskom s’’ezde staroobryadtsev [A Speech at the All-Russian Congress of Old Believers]. In Slovo Tserkvi. No. 24, pp. 448–450.
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Volgar`. (1917). Oblastnoi s’’ezd staroobryadtsev pomorskogo soglasiya v Nizhnem Novgorode, 7-go maya s. g. [A Regional Congress of Pomortsy Old Believers in Nizhny Novgorod, on 7 May of this Year]. In Slovo Tserkvi. No. 22, p. 415.
Vpechatleniya na vserossiiskom s’’ezde pomortsev [Impressions of the All-Russian Congress of Pomortsy]. (1917). In Slovo Tserkvi. No. 21, p. 385.
Vserossiiskii s’’ezd khristian staroobryadtsev pomorskogo soglasiya v g. Moskve 30 aprelya. 1 i 2 maya 1917 g. [The All-Russian Congress of Old Believer Pomortsy Christians in Moscow on 30 April 30 and 1–2 May 1917]. (1917). In Vestnik Vserossiiskogo soyuza khristian pomorskogo soglasiya. No. 1, pp. 3‒8.
Znakomyi. (1917). Sovety rabochikh, soldatskikh deputatov i ikh interesy [Councils of Workers, Soldier Deputies and Their Interests]. In Vestnik Vserossiiskogo soyuza khristian pomorskogo soglasiya. No. 2, pp. 2–4.
Borovik, Yu. V. (2003). Staroobryadchestvo Urala i Zaural’ya na perelome epoch (1905–1927) [The Old Belief of the Urals and Trans-Urals at the Turn of the Era (1905–1927)]. Avtoref. dis. … kand. ist. nauk. Yekaterinburg, S. n. 26 p.
Buldakov, V. P. (2017). Krest’yanstvo i agrarnoe dvizhenie [The Peasantry and the Agrarian Movement]. In Petrov, A. V. (Ed.). Rossiiskaya revolyutsiya 1917 g. Vlast’, obshchestvo, kul’tura v 2 t. Moscow, ROSSPEN. Vol. 2, pp. 183–210.
Davydov, M. [P.] (1917). Zemel’nye ocherki [Land Sketches]. In Vestnik Vserossiiskogo soyuza khristian pomorskogo soglasiya. No. 4, pp. 7–9.
Fomichev, S. [G]. (1917). K narodu [To the People]. In Slovo Tserkvi. No. 22, p. 410.
Golos Staroobryadcheskogo Povolzh’ya [The Voice of the Old Believer Volga Region]. (1917). No. 1.
I[van]. K[irillov]. (1917). Sud Bozhii [God’s Judgement]. In Slovo Tserkvi. No. 50, pp. 793–795.
K krest’yanam-staroobryadtsam [To Old Believer Peasants]. (1917). In Slovo Tserkvi. No. 17, pp. 309–310.
Kerov, V. V. (2018). Staroobryadchestvo v 1917 g. [Old Belief in 1917]. In Rossiiskaya istoriya. No. 1, pp. 143–160.
Khristianstvo i sotsializm [Christianity and Socialism]. (1917). In Slovo Tserkvi. No. 29, pp. 524–526.
Kirillov, I. A. (1913). Statistika staroobryadchestva [Old Believer Statistics]. Moscow, published by “Staroobryadcheskaya mysl”. 28 p.
Klyukina, Yu. V. (2003). Staroobryadtsy i politicheskie partii v 1905–1917 gg. [Old Believers and Political Parties between 1905 and 1917]. In Problemy istorii Rossii. Yekaterinburg, Volot. Iss. 5, pp. 327–349.
Krupskaya, N. K. (1961). Voprosy ateisticheskogo vospitaniya. Sbornik statei [Issues of Atheistic Education. A Collection of Articles]. Moscow, Izdatel’stvo Akademii pedagogicheskikh nauk RSFSR. 176 p.
Latypov, I. R. (2011). “Desyatiletie svobody” (1905–1917 gg.) dlya staroobryadtsev Kazanskoi gubernii [“The Decade of Freedom” (1905–1917) for Old Believers of Kazan Province]. In Vestnik Ekaterinburgskoi dukhovnoi seminarii. Iss. 2, pp. 222–229.
Lenin, V. I. (1974). Vybory v Uchreditel’noe Sobranie i diktatura proletariata [Elections to the Constituent Assembly and Dictatorship of the Proletariat]. In Lenin, V. I. Polnoe sobranie sochinenii. 5th Ed. 55 Vols. Moscow, Politizdat. Vol. 40, pp. 1–2.
Malekhonov, L. [A.] (1917). O zemle [On Land]. In Bratstvo. Tserkovno-obshchestvennyi zhurnal, izdavaemyi periodicheski sovetom Vserossiiskogo staroobryadcheskogo vo imya Svyatogo Nikoly bratstva. No. 1, pp. 3–5.
Mel’nikov, F. E. (1999). Kratkaya Istoriya drevlepravoslavnoi (staroobryadcheskoi) Tserkvi [A Short History of Old Belief]. Barnaul, Izdatel’stvo Barnaul’skogo gosudarstvennogo pedagogicheskogo universiteta. 557 p.
Monyakova, O. A. (2007). Politicheskie predpochteniya kovrovskikh staroobryadtsev v dumskii period (1905–1917) [Political Preferences of the Kovrov Old Believers during the Duma Period (1905–1917)]. In Staroobryadchestvo: istoriya, kul’tura, sovremennost’. Materialy v 2 t. Moscow, S. n., pp. 54–58.
Oblastnoi s’’ezd staroobryadtsev pomorskogo soglasiya v Nizhnem Novgorode, 7-go maya s. g. [The Regional Congress of Pomortsy Old Believers in Nizhny Novgorod, on 7 May of this Year]. (1917). In Slovo Tserkvi. No. 22, p. 415.
Oblastnoi s’’ezd staroobryadtsev. N. Novgorod [Regional Congress of Old Believers. Nizhny Novgorod]. (1917). In Vestnik Vserossiiskogo soyuza khristian pomorskogo soglasiya. No. 1, p. 11.
OR RGB [Department of Manuscripts of the Russian State Library]. Stock 164 (Mel’nikovy. 1856–1917). List 2; Stock 246 (Rogozhskoe kladbishche). List 2; Stock 260 (P. P. Ryabushinskii).
Osvyashchennyi Sobor. Den’ 2-i [The Consecrated Cathedral. Day 2]. (1917). In Slovo Tserkvi. No. 25, pp. 457–459.
Pamyatnaya zapis’ o zasedaniyakh Vserossiiskogo s’’ezda [A Memorandum about the Meetings of the All-Russian Congress]. (1917). In Vestnik Vserossiiskogo soyuza khristian pomorskogo soglasiya. No. 1, pp. 4–8.
Politicheskaya programma staroobryadtsev vsekh soglasii [Political Programme of Old Believers of all Concords]. (1917). In Slovo Tserkvi. No. 23, pp. 417–419.
Politicheskoe ob’’edinenie staroobryadtsev [Ufimskoi gubernii] [Political Association of Old Believers of [Ufa Province]]. (1917). In Slovo Tserkvi. No. 32‒33, pp. 575–576.
Politicheskoe soveshchanie staroobryadtsev. Prodolzhenie. Po zemel’nomu voprosu [Political Meeting of Old Believers. Continuation. On the Land Question]. (1917). In Slovo Tserkvi. No. 38, pp. 641–642.
Postanovlenie narodnogo sobraniya staroobryadtsev g. Egor’evska i ego okrestnostei, 30 aprelya 1917 g. [The Resolution of the People’s Assembly of Old Believers of Yegoryevsk and Its Vicinities, on 30 April 1917]. (1917). In Slovo Tserkvi. No. 22, pp. 414–415.
Protasov, L. G. (1997). Vserossiiskoe uchreditel’noe sobranie. Istoriya rozhdeniya i gibeli [All-Russian Constituent Assembly. The History of Its Establishment and Collapse]. Moscow, ROSSPEN. 380 p.
Pyzhikov, A. V. (2013). Grani russkogo raskola. Zametki o nashei istorii ot XVII veka do 1917 goda [The Facets of the Russian Schism. Notes about Our History from the 17th Century to 1917]. Moscow, Drevlekhranilishche. 646 p.
Red’kina, O. Yu. (2003). Staroobryadtsy Nizhnei Volgi v 1917 g. [Old Believers of the Lower Volga in 1917]. In Russkaya pravoslavnaya tserkov’ i mezhkonfessional’nye otnosheniya v Nizhnem Povolzh’e. Volgograd, Izdatel’stvo Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, pp. 38–47.
Red’kina, O. Yu. (2012). Starovery Nizhnei Volgi i Dona v kontse XIX – ХХ veke [The Old Believers of the Lower Volga and Don Regions in the Late 19th – 20th Centuries]. In Otechestvennaya istoriya. No. 4, pp. 15–27.
Rezolyutsiya sobraniya saratovskogo politicheskogo komiteta staroobryadtsev pomortsev [The Resolution of a Meeting of the Saratov Political Committee of Pomortsy Old Believers]. (1917). In Slovo Tserkvi. No. 21, p. 398.
Seleznev, F. A. (2005). D. V. Sirotkin i Vserossiiskie s’’ezdy staroobryadtsev v nachale XX veka [D. V. Sirotkin and the All-Russian Congresses of Old Believers in the Early 20th Century]. In Otechestvennaya istoriya. No. 5, pp. 78–90.
Seleznev, F. A. (2014). Staroobryadchestvo kak kontrelita? [Old Belief as Counter-Elite?]. In Rossiiskaya istoriya. No. 6, pp. 188–192.
Sel’skokhozyaistvennyi i ekonomicheskii byt staroobryadtsev (po dannym ankety 1909 goda) [The Agricultural and Economic Life of Old Believers (According to the Poll of 1909)]. (1910). Moscow, Izdanie Soveta vserossiiskikh s’’ezdov staroobryadtsev. XX + 290 p.
Shakhnazarov, O. L. (2002). Staroobryadchestvo i bol’shevizm [Old Belief and Bolshevism]. In Voprosy istorii. No. 4, pp. 72–97.
Shakhnazarov, O. L. (2004). Otnoshenie k sobstvennosti u staroobryadtsev (do 1917 goda) [Old Believers’ Attitude to Property (until 1917)]. In Voprosy istorii. No. 4, pp. 53‒70.
Shakhnazarov, O. L. (2007). Korni russkogo sotsializma [The Origins of Russian Socialism]. In Voprosy filosofii. No. 6, pp. 24–37.
Shelokhaev, V. V. (2015). Konstitutsionno-demokraticheskaya partiya v Rossii i emigratsii [The Constitutional Democratic Party in Russia and in Emigration]. Moscow, ROSSPEN. 863 p.
Sirotkin, D. V. (1917). Rech’ na Vserossiiskom s’’ezde staroobryadtsev [A Speech at the All-Russian Congress of Old Believers]. In Slovo Tserkvi. No. 24, pp. 448–450.
Slovo Tserkvi [Slovo Tserkvi]. (1917). No. 10–11, 17, 22, 23, 32–33, 38, 43.
Taranets, P. V. (2010). Staroobryadchestvo i rossiiskoe revolyutsionnoe dvizhenie (konets XIX – nachalo XX vv.) [Old Belief and the Russian Revolutionary Movement (Late 19th – Early 20th Centuries)]. In Sud’ba staroobryadchestva v XX – nachale XXІ v. Istoriya i sovremennost’. Kiev, Vinnitsa, Izdatel’stvo Instituta ukrainskoi arkheografii i istochnikovedeniya imeni M. S. Grushevskogo. Iss. 4, pp. 81–115.
Volgar`. (1917). Oblastnoi s’’ezd staroobryadtsev pomorskogo soglasiya v Nizhnem Novgorode, 7-go maya s. g. [A Regional Congress of Pomortsy Old Believers in Nizhny Novgorod, on 7 May of this Year]. In Slovo Tserkvi. No. 22, p. 415.
Vpechatleniya na vserossiiskom s’’ezde pomortsev [Impressions of the All-Russian Congress of Pomortsy]. (1917). In Slovo Tserkvi. No. 21, p. 385.
Vserossiiskii s’’ezd khristian staroobryadtsev pomorskogo soglasiya v g. Moskve 30 aprelya. 1 i 2 maya 1917 g. [The All-Russian Congress of Old Believer Pomortsy Christians in Moscow on 30 April 30 and 1–2 May 1917]. (1917). In Vestnik Vserossiiskogo soyuza khristian pomorskogo soglasiya. No. 1, pp. 3‒8.
Znakomyi. (1917). Sovety rabochikh, soldatskikh deputatov i ikh interesy [Councils of Workers, Soldier Deputies and Their Interests]. In Vestnik Vserossiiskogo soyuza khristian pomorskogo soglasiya. No. 2, pp. 2–4.
Загрузки
Опубликован
2019-12-21
Как цитировать
Kerov, V. (2019). Земля трудящемуся народу: аграрный вопрос в политической программе старообрядцев. Quaestio Rossica, 7(4), 1243–1258. https://doi.org/10.15826/qr.2019.4.436
Выпуск
Раздел
Problema voluminis
