Knowledge is Power: The Story of the Great Soviet Encyclopaedia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15826/qr.2019.3.404Ключевые слова:
советские энциклопедии; наука и власть; тоталитаризм; цензура; институализация системы знания; политика самообразования; Государственное издательствоАннотация
Рассмотрена история создания национальной энциклопедии в Советской России, подобной национальным энциклопедиям Великобритании, Франции, Германии, США и дореволюционного российского издания Брокгауза и Эфрона. Новая советская энциклопедия изначально планировалась как издание, сочетающее идеологические установки своего времени с универсальными интеллектуальными ценностями. Каждая революция начинает свой путь с осмысления созданных ею новых реалий и системы образования, публичным выражением которых и является национальная энциклопедия. История советской энциклопедии наглядно демонстрирует, насколько сложен и опасен путь ее создания, особенно если он начинается с эпохи глобальных общественных и политических коллизий. Энциклопедия задумывалась как издание, способное выработать новый тип мышления, сформировать культуру самообразования у своих читателей, направленную на понимание концепции «знание – сила». Период между первым и вторым изданием Большой Советской энциклопедии демонстрирует переход от нового, неординарного и даже провокативного содержания к четкой институализированной структуре со строго дозированной долей правды, внутренней цензурой, узаконенными правилами написания статей и системой многоуровневого рецензирования. Финансирование энциклопедии, зарплаты редакторов и авторов статей также регламентировались государственными установками, одной из которых была пропаганда почти в каждой статье коммунистического образа жизни и мышления.
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Shaumyan, L. S. (Ed.). (1969). Metodicheskie ukazaniya dlya redaktorov Bol’shoi Sovetskoi entsiklopedii. 3-e izd. BSE [Guidelines for the Editors of the Great Soviet Encyclopaedia. 3 Ed.]. Moscow, Sovetskaya entsiklopediya. 302 p.
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Slovnik po ekonomike / Proekt slovnikov vtorogo izdaniya BSE : rukopis’ dlya obsuzhdeniya v glavnoi redaktsii BSE v 12 t. [Word-List on Economics. Word-List Draft of the 2nd Edition of the Great Soviet Encyclopaedia. A Manuscript for Discussion at the Editorial Board Meeting of the Great Soviet Encyclopaedia. 12 Vols.]. (1949–1951). Moscow, BSE. 35 p.
Slovnik po istorii Blizhnego i Srednego Vostoka / Proekt slovnikov vtorogo izdaniya BSE : rukopis’ dlya obsuzhdeniya v glavnoi redaktsii BSE v 12 t. [Word-List on the History of the Near and Middle East. Word-List Draft of the 2nd Edition of the Great Soviet Encyclopaedia. A Manuscript for Discussion at the Central Publishing of the Big Soviet Encyclopaedia. 12 Vols.]. (1949–1951). Moscow, BSE. 35 p.
Slovnik po istorii religii i ateizma / Proekt slovnikov vtorogo izdaniya BSE : rukopis’ dlya obsuzhdeniya v glavnoi redaktsii BSE v 12 t. [Word-List on the History of Religion and Atheism. Word-List Draft of the 2nd Edition of the Great Soviet Encyclopaedia. A Manuscript for Discussion at the Editorial Board Meeting of the Great Soviet Encyclopaedia. 12 Vols.]. (1949–1951). Moscow, BSE. 28 p.
Slovnik po istorii tekhniki / Proekt slovnikov vtorogo izdaniya BSE : rukopis’ dlya obsuzhdeniya v glavnoi redaktsii BSE v 12 t. [Word-List on the History of Technology. Word–List Draft of the 2nd Edition of the Great Soviet Encyclopaedia. A Manuscript for Discussion at the Editorial Board Meeting of the Great Soviet Encyclopaedia. 12 Vols.]. (1949–1951). Moscow, BSE. 6 p.
Slovnik po vseobshchei istorii / Proekt slovnikov vtorogo izdaniya BSE : rukopis’ dlya obsuzhdeniya v glavnoi redaktsii BSE v 12 t. [Word-List on General History. Word-List Draft of the 2nd Edition of the Great Soviet Encyclopaedia. A Manuscript for Discussion at the Editorial Board Meeting of the Great Soviet Encyclopaedia. 12 Vols.]. (1949–1951). Moscow, BSE. Part 1. Istoriya Drevnego mira. 20 p. Part 2. Istoriya Srednikh vekov. 51 p. Part 3. Novaiya i noveishaiya istoriya. 94 p. Part 4. Istoriya stran zarubezhnogo Vostoka. 31 p.
Slovnik po yazykoznaniyu / Proekt slovnikov vtorogo izdaniya BSE : rukopis’ dlya obsuzhdeniya v glavnoi redaktsii BSE v 12 t. [Word-List on Linguistics. Word-List Draft of the 2nd Edition of the Great Soviet Encyclopaedia. A Manuscript for Discussion at the Central Publishing of the Great Soviet Encyclopaedia. 12 Vols.]. (1949–1951). Moscow, BSE. 22 p.
Slovniki po geografii / Proekt slovnikov vtorogo izdaniya BSE : rukopis’ dlya obsuzhdeniya v glavnoi redaktsii BSE v 12 t. [Word-List on Geography. Word-List Draft of the 2nd Edition of the Great Soviet Encyclopaedia. A Manuscript for Discussion at the Editorial Board Meeting of the Great Soviet Encyclopaedia. 12 Vols.]. (1949–1951). Moscow, BSE. Part 2. Ekonomicheskaya geografiya SSSR. 35 p.
Steila, D. (2015). A Proletarian Encyclopédie. In Salvo, M., Kaiser, D., Kivelson, V. (Eds.). Word and Image in Russian History: Essays in Honor of Gary Marker. Brighton, MA, Acad. Studies Press, pp. 90–117.
Ukazaniya avtoram [Instructions for Authors]. (N. d.). In BSE. 2nd Ed. Moscow, BSE. Vol. 1, p. 640.
Urbanizm [Urbanism]. (N. d.). In BSE. 2nd Ed. Moscow, BSE. Vol. 44, p. 312.
Vavilov, S. I, Zvorykin, A. A. (1951). Vtoroe izdanie Bol’shoi Sovetskoi Entsiklopedii [The Second Edition of the Great Soviet Encyclopaedia]. In Sovetskaya kniga. No. 7, pp. 7–17.
Vol’fson, M. B. (1929). Puti sovetskoi knigi [Ways of the Soviet Book]. Moscow, Gosizdat. 112 p.
Vvedenskii, B. A., Zvorykin, A. A. (1952). Desyat’ tomov novogo izdaniya Bol’shoi Sovetskoi Entsiklopedii [Ten Volumes of the New Edition of the Great Soviet Encyclopaedia]. In Sovetskaya kniga. No. 8, pp. 3–18.
Zaidel’, G. S. (1928). Bol’shaya Sovetskaya entsiklopediya, tt. I–VIII. Stat’i po vseobshchei istorii [The Great Soviet Encyclopaedia, Vol. 1–8. Entries on General History]. In Istorik-marksist. No. 7, pp. 239–244.
Zhivotnovodstvo [Animal Husbandry]. (N. d.). In BSE. 2nd Ed. Moscow, BSE. Vol. 16, p. 118.
BSE : Alfavitnyi ukazatel’ ko vtoromu izdaniyu v 2 t. [The Great Soviet Encyclopaedia. Alphabetical Index to the Second Edition. 2 Vols.]. (1960). Moscow, BSE. 800 + 775 p.
Dekrety Sovetskoi vlasti v 12 t. [Decrees of Soviet Power. 12 Vols.]. (1986). Moscow, Politizdat. Vol. 12. Dekabr’ 1920 g. – yanvar’ 1921 g. 428 p.
Denisov, G. M. (1956). Ob osveshchenii v Bol’shoi Sovetskoi Entsiklopedii deyatel’nosti vydayushchihsya bol’shevikov [On the Reflection of Outstanding Bolsheviks’ Activity in the Great Soviet Encyclopaedia]. In Voprosy istorii. No 5, pp. 140–145.
Entsiklopedii sovetskie [Soviet Encyclopaedias]. (1926). In BSE. 1st Ed. Moscow, Sovetskaya entsiklopediya, pp. 498–502.
Germaniya. Germanskaya Demokraticheskaya Respublika. Federativnaya Respublika Germaniya [Germany. German Democratic Republic. Federative Republic of Germany]. (1957). In BSE : ezhegodnik. Moscow, BSE, pp. 275–287.
Ispaniya [Spain]. (N. d.). In BSE. 2nd Ed. Moscow, BSE. Vol. 18, pp. 530–591.
Kassof, B. (2005). A Book of Socialism. Stalinist Culture and the First Edition of the Bol’shaia Sovetskaia Entsiklopediia. In Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History. Vol. 6. No. 1. Winter, pp. 55–95.
Khrushchеv, N. S. (1956). 1956 Report of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union to the 20th Party Congress. Moscow, Foreign Languages Publ. House. 144 p.
Lavrentiy Beria [Lavrentiy Beria]. (N. d.). In BSE. 2nd Ed. Moscow, BSE. Vol. 5, pp. 18–22.
Maksakov, V. V. (1955). Voprosy istorii Pervoi Russkoi revolutsii v Bol’shoi Sovetskoi entsiklopedii (1–27 tt., 2-e izd.) [Questions on the History of the First Russian Revolution in the Great Soviet Encyclopaedia (Vols. 1–27, 2nd Edition)]. In Voprosy istorii. No. 2, pp. 123–130.
“O novom izdanii Bol’shoi Sovetskoi Entsiklopedii” : postanovlenie Soveta Ministrov SSSR [“On the New Publication of the Great Soviet Encyclopaedia”: Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR]. (1949). In Kul’tura i zhizn’. February 20, p. 1.
OR RNB [Manuscript Department, National Library of Russia]. Stock 221 (Arkhiv A. Gorenfel’da). Dos. 358; Stock 1028 (Lichnyi fond K. A. Derzhavina). Dos. 804; Stock 1129 (Lichnyi fond G. S. Vereiskogo). Dos. 469.
Osinskii, N. (1929). Dela i dni Bol’shoi Sovetskoi entsiklopedii [Deeds and Days of the Great Soviet Encyclopaedia]. In Pravda. March 15, p. 1.
Ot redaktsii [From the Editors]. (1926). In BSE. 1st Ed. Moscow, Sovetskaya entsiklopediya. Vol. 1, pp. 1–2.
Ot redaktsii [From the Editors]. (N. d.). In BSE. 2nd Ed. Moscow, BSE. Vol. 1, p. 1.
Redaktory otdelov i podotdelov [Departments and Sub-Department Editors]. (1926). In BSE. 1st Ed. Moscow, Sovetskaya entsiklopediya. Vol. 1, p. 3.
RGASPI [Russian State Archive of Social-Political History]. Stock 17. List 163. Dos. 546; Stock 82. List 2. Dos. 981.
Shaumyan, L. S. (Ed.). (1969). Metodicheskie ukazaniya dlya redaktorov Bol’shoi Sovetskoi entsiklopedii. 3-e izd. BSE [Guidelines for the Editors of the Great Soviet Encyclopaedia. 3 Ed.]. Moscow, Sovetskaya entsiklopediya. 302 p.
Simzen, M. Yu. (1963). Iz istorii natsionalizatsii poligraficheskoi promyshlennosti v SSSR. [On the History of the Nationalisation of the Printing Industry in the USSR]. In Voprosy istorii. No. 3, pp. 211–214.
Slovnik po ekonomike / Proekt slovnikov vtorogo izdaniya BSE : rukopis’ dlya obsuzhdeniya v glavnoi redaktsii BSE v 12 t. [Word-List on Economics. Word-List Draft of the 2nd Edition of the Great Soviet Encyclopaedia. A Manuscript for Discussion at the Editorial Board Meeting of the Great Soviet Encyclopaedia. 12 Vols.]. (1949–1951). Moscow, BSE. 35 p.
Slovnik po istorii Blizhnego i Srednego Vostoka / Proekt slovnikov vtorogo izdaniya BSE : rukopis’ dlya obsuzhdeniya v glavnoi redaktsii BSE v 12 t. [Word-List on the History of the Near and Middle East. Word-List Draft of the 2nd Edition of the Great Soviet Encyclopaedia. A Manuscript for Discussion at the Central Publishing of the Big Soviet Encyclopaedia. 12 Vols.]. (1949–1951). Moscow, BSE. 35 p.
Slovnik po istorii religii i ateizma / Proekt slovnikov vtorogo izdaniya BSE : rukopis’ dlya obsuzhdeniya v glavnoi redaktsii BSE v 12 t. [Word-List on the History of Religion and Atheism. Word-List Draft of the 2nd Edition of the Great Soviet Encyclopaedia. A Manuscript for Discussion at the Editorial Board Meeting of the Great Soviet Encyclopaedia. 12 Vols.]. (1949–1951). Moscow, BSE. 28 p.
Slovnik po istorii tekhniki / Proekt slovnikov vtorogo izdaniya BSE : rukopis’ dlya obsuzhdeniya v glavnoi redaktsii BSE v 12 t. [Word-List on the History of Technology. Word–List Draft of the 2nd Edition of the Great Soviet Encyclopaedia. A Manuscript for Discussion at the Editorial Board Meeting of the Great Soviet Encyclopaedia. 12 Vols.]. (1949–1951). Moscow, BSE. 6 p.
Slovnik po vseobshchei istorii / Proekt slovnikov vtorogo izdaniya BSE : rukopis’ dlya obsuzhdeniya v glavnoi redaktsii BSE v 12 t. [Word-List on General History. Word-List Draft of the 2nd Edition of the Great Soviet Encyclopaedia. A Manuscript for Discussion at the Editorial Board Meeting of the Great Soviet Encyclopaedia. 12 Vols.]. (1949–1951). Moscow, BSE. Part 1. Istoriya Drevnego mira. 20 p. Part 2. Istoriya Srednikh vekov. 51 p. Part 3. Novaiya i noveishaiya istoriya. 94 p. Part 4. Istoriya stran zarubezhnogo Vostoka. 31 p.
Slovnik po yazykoznaniyu / Proekt slovnikov vtorogo izdaniya BSE : rukopis’ dlya obsuzhdeniya v glavnoi redaktsii BSE v 12 t. [Word-List on Linguistics. Word-List Draft of the 2nd Edition of the Great Soviet Encyclopaedia. A Manuscript for Discussion at the Central Publishing of the Great Soviet Encyclopaedia. 12 Vols.]. (1949–1951). Moscow, BSE. 22 p.
Slovniki po geografii / Proekt slovnikov vtorogo izdaniya BSE : rukopis’ dlya obsuzhdeniya v glavnoi redaktsii BSE v 12 t. [Word-List on Geography. Word-List Draft of the 2nd Edition of the Great Soviet Encyclopaedia. A Manuscript for Discussion at the Editorial Board Meeting of the Great Soviet Encyclopaedia. 12 Vols.]. (1949–1951). Moscow, BSE. Part 2. Ekonomicheskaya geografiya SSSR. 35 p.
Steila, D. (2015). A Proletarian Encyclopédie. In Salvo, M., Kaiser, D., Kivelson, V. (Eds.). Word and Image in Russian History: Essays in Honor of Gary Marker. Brighton, MA, Acad. Studies Press, pp. 90–117.
Ukazaniya avtoram [Instructions for Authors]. (N. d.). In BSE. 2nd Ed. Moscow, BSE. Vol. 1, p. 640.
Urbanizm [Urbanism]. (N. d.). In BSE. 2nd Ed. Moscow, BSE. Vol. 44, p. 312.
Vavilov, S. I, Zvorykin, A. A. (1951). Vtoroe izdanie Bol’shoi Sovetskoi Entsiklopedii [The Second Edition of the Great Soviet Encyclopaedia]. In Sovetskaya kniga. No. 7, pp. 7–17.
Vol’fson, M. B. (1929). Puti sovetskoi knigi [Ways of the Soviet Book]. Moscow, Gosizdat. 112 p.
Vvedenskii, B. A., Zvorykin, A. A. (1952). Desyat’ tomov novogo izdaniya Bol’shoi Sovetskoi Entsiklopedii [Ten Volumes of the New Edition of the Great Soviet Encyclopaedia]. In Sovetskaya kniga. No. 8, pp. 3–18.
Zaidel’, G. S. (1928). Bol’shaya Sovetskaya entsiklopediya, tt. I–VIII. Stat’i po vseobshchei istorii [The Great Soviet Encyclopaedia, Vol. 1–8. Entries on General History]. In Istorik-marksist. No. 7, pp. 239–244.
Zhivotnovodstvo [Animal Husbandry]. (N. d.). In BSE. 2nd Ed. Moscow, BSE. Vol. 16, p. 118.
Загрузки
Опубликован
2019-09-27
Как цитировать
Vladimirsky, I. (2019). Knowledge is Power: The Story of the Great Soviet Encyclopaedia. Quaestio Rossica, 7(3), 736–750. https://doi.org/10.15826/qr.2019.3.404
Выпуск
Раздел
Problema voluminis
