«Заготовка граждан впрок»: миф о советском материнстве и детстве в драматургии А. П. Платонова 1920–1930-х гг.
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15826/qr.2017.4.268Аннотация
Рассматривается становление в литературе новой советской мифологии материнства и детства и ее деконструкция в драматургии А. П. Платонова конца 1920-х – начала 1930-х гг. Изменения брачно-семейных топосов, динамичные модели гендерных отношений явились результатом радикальных идеологических и организационно-практических преобразований в Cоветской России. Показана критика этой составляющей советского проекта изнутри него самого – от лица писателя, связанного с социалистическим строительством. Методология определяется в историко-литературном, историко-культурном, сравнительно-типологическом и мифопоэтическом анализе. Материалом являются произведения, образно представляющие типы послереволюционных семей, модели отношений матери (родителей) и ребенка. Исходный тезис: концепция «освобождения женщины» и воспитания «нового человека» имела мощное жизнестроительное, конституирующее и одновременно утопическое содержание, рождала новую мифологию материнства и детства, где обе части коррелируют и поддерживаются высоким и массовым искусством. Выявлена критика советской политики материнства и детства в пьесах Платонова. Деконструкция мифа в комедии «Дураки на периферии» происходит в показе краха взращивания ребенка членами коммуны, в сюжете фетишизации ребенка как выставочного образца и его гибели в результате утопического воспитательного эксперимента. Промискуетет, юридический беспорядок добавляют миру «безосновность», тотальное отчуждение. В пьесе «14 красных избушек» проявилось расхождение с мифом 1930-х гг. о счастливой матери-труженице: массовый голод, смерть детей душевно опустошают заботливую мать – председателя колхоза. Cемантика ребенка-жертвы и обитателя пролетарского рая профанируется, абстрактное «будущее человечество» становится объектом иронии. Платонов использует пародию, гиперболизацию, символы, сюжеты-казусы с целью эстетической перекодировки новой мифологии и утверждения подлинных гуманистических и эстетических ценностей.
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Mikirtichan, G. L. (2014). K 100-letiyu so dnya osnovaniya Vserossiiskogo popechitel’stva po okhrane materinstva [For the 100th Anniversary of the All-Russian Guardianship of Motherhood Protection]. In Vestnik Sankt-Peterburgskogo universiteta. Seriya 11. Meditsina. No. 1, pp. 260–274.
Miroshnichenko, M. I. (2015). Soderzhanie pervoi sovetskoi gendernoi modeli v 1920-e gg. [The Content of the First Soviet Gender Model in the 1920s]. In Vestnik Yuzhno-Ural’skogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Seriya Sotsial’no-gumanitarnye nauki. Vol. 15. No. 1, pp. 35–42.
Miroshnichenko, M. I. (2016). Razvitie pervoi sovetskoi gendernoi modeli v pervoi polovine 1930-kh gg. [The Development of the First Soviet Gender Models in the First Half of the 1930s]. In Vestnik Yuzhno-Ural’skogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Seriya Sotsial’no-gumanitarnye nauki. Vol. 15. No. 1, pp. 21–26.
Okhrana matmlada u oirotov i tungusov [The Protection of Motherhood and Infancy of the Oirot and Tungus]. (1928). In Sibirskie ogni. No. 4 (July-August), p. 264.
Orlov, I. B. (2010). Sovetskaya povsednevnost’: istoricheskii i sociologiche-skii aspekty stanovleniya [Soviet Everyday Life: Historical and Sociological Aspects of Formation]. Moscow, Gosudarstvennyi universitet Vysshaya shkola ekonomiki. 317 p.
Pervyi Vserossiiskii s”ezd rabotnits 16–21 noyabrya 1918 g. i ego rezolyutsii [The First All-Russian Congress of Women Workers Held on 16–21 November 1918 and Its Resolutions]. (1920). Khar’kov, Vseukrainskoe izdatel’stvo. 23 p.
Platonov, A. P. (2006). Noev kovcheg: P’esy [Noah’s Ark: Plays]. Moscow, Vagrius. 464 p.
Pletneva, S. A. (1998). “Amazonki” kak sotsial’no-politicheskoe yavlenie [“The Amazons” as a Social and Political Phenomenon]. In Kul’tura slavyan i Rus’. Moscow, Nauka, pp. 529–537.
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Загрузки
Опубликован
2017-12-23
Как цитировать
Chernysheva, E. (2017). «Заготовка граждан впрок»: миф о советском материнстве и детстве в драматургии А. П. Платонова 1920–1930-х гг. Quaestio Rossica, 5(4), 1073–1090. https://doi.org/10.15826/qr.2017.4.268
Выпуск
Раздел
Problema voluminis
