Российские и зарубежные избирательные цензы в первой трети XX в.: буква закона и реальность
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15826/qr.2017.3.246Аннотация
Предметом исследования является эволюция избирательных цензов в России и европейских странах в первой трети XX в. Ограничения избирательных прав в дореволюционной и советской России, а также в зарубежных странах изучаются на основе широкого круга источников: законодательных актов, материалов официальной статистики, неопубликованных документов из центральных и региональных российских архивов. Анализ традиционных для делопроизводства государственной и партийной власти документов из различных фондов (распорядительных, протокольно-резолютивных, отчетных, докладных, информационных) позволяет определить численность лиц, подлежавших лишению прав, функции цензов в советской избирательной системе, особенности их применения. Компаративистский анализ российских и зарубежных цензов конкретизирует их общие и специфические черты, роль в избирательных системах. Показано, что избирательные цензы дореволюционной России, обладая рядом особенностей, соответствовали европейским электоральным практикам начала XX в. и выборным традициям России. Советские избирательные цензы разрывали сложившиеся принципы установления ограничений избирательных прав в мире. Большевики радикально демократизировали и отменили общепринятые в электоральной практике цензы, одновременно ввели ограничения прав, не свойственные другим избирательным системам (трудовой ценз). Избирательные цензы, помимо содержательных, имели значимые функциональные различия с мировой электоральной практикой. Институт лишения избирательных прав в Советской России выполнял не свойственные избирательной системе функции: вместо превентивного отстранения от участия в выборах нелояльных власти групп он использовался как способ социально-экономического давления на хозяйственно активные слои населения, став важной частью дискриминационной политики государства. Это обусловило взаимосвязь избирательных прав с ограничениями социально-экономического характера.
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Kautskiy, K. (2002). Diktatura proletariata. Ot demokratii k gosudarstvennomu rabstvu. Bol’shevizm v tupike [The Dictatorship of the Proletariat. From Democracy to State Slavery. Bolshevism at a Deadlock]. Moscow, Antidor. 314 p.
Kim, A. I. (1965). Sovetskoe izbiratel’noe pravo. Voprosy teorii, izbiratel’nogo zakonodatel’stva i praktiki ego primeneniya [Soviet Suffrage. The Theory of Electoral Legislation and the Practice of its Application]. Moscow, Yurid. lit-ra. 212 p.
Kimerling E. (1982). Civil Rights and Social Policy in Soviet Russia, 1918–1936. In The Russian Rev. Jan., pp. 27–41.
Kir’yanov, I. K., Luk’yanov, M. N. (1995). Parlament samoderzhavnoy Rossii. Gosudarstvennaya Duma i ee deputaty. 1906–1917. [The Parliament of Autocratic Russia. The State Duma and its Deputies. 1906–1917]. Perm’, Izd-vo Permskogo universiteta. 168 p.
Korchagin, D. M. (2003). Sovetskie izbiratel’nye kampanii 1920-kh gg. (na materialakh Kubano-Chernomor’ya), dis. … kand. ist. nauk [The Soviet Electoral Campaign of the 1920s (with Reference to the Materials of the Kuban-Black Sea Region), PhD Thesis]. Moscow. 217 p.
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Lenin, V. I. (1969). Proletarskaya revolyutsiya i renegat Kautskiy [The Proletarian Revolution and Renegade Kautsky]. In Polnoe sobranie sochineniy. 5-e izd. Moscow, Izd- vo politicheskoy literatury. Vol. 37, pp. 235–338.
Lenin, V. I. (1973). Doklad o revolyutsii 1905 g. [Report on the Revolution of 1905]. In Polnoe sobranie sochineniy. 5-e izd. Moscow, Izd-vo politicheskoy literatury. 55 Vols., Vol. 30, pp. 306–328.
Lepeshkin, A. I. (1966). Sovety – vlast′ trudyashchikhsya (1917–1936 gg.) [Soviets Are the Power of the Working People (1917–1936)]. Moscow, Yurid. lit-ra. 575 p.
Makartsev, A. A. (2009). Izbiratel’noe pravo i izbiratel’nyy protsess v Rossiyskoy Federatsii [Suffrage and Election Process in the Russian Federation]. Novosibirsk, NGTU. 344 p.
Maklakov, V. V. (Ed.). (2003). Sravnitel’noe izbiratel’noe pravo: ucheb. posobie [Comparative Suffrage: Textbook]. Moscow, NORMA. 208 p.
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Protasov, L. G. (1997). Vserossiyskoe Uchreditel’noe sobranie: Istoriya rozhdeniya i gibeli [The All-Russian Constituent Assembly: A Story of Birth and Death]. Moscow, ROSSPEN. 380 p.
RGASPI [Russian State Archive of Socio-political History]. F. 17. Inv. 164. Doc. 54.
Serokurova, L. A. (2010). Politiko-pravovye aspekty lisheniya izbiratel’nykh prav grazhdan Krymskoy ASSR v 1920-e gg. [Political and Legal Aspects of Deprivation of Electoral Rights of Citizens of the Crimean Autonomous Republic in the 1920s]. In Vestnik MGU (seriya “Istoriya”). No. 1, pp. 76–84.
Smirnova, T. M. (2003) “Byvshie lyudi” Sovetskoy Rossii: strategii vyzhivaniya i puti integratsii. 1917–1936 gody [“Former People” in Soviet Russia: Strategies of Survival and Integration. 1917–1936 Years]. Moscow, Mir istorii. 296 p.
Stuchka, P. (1926). Uchenie o gosudarstve proletariata i krest’yanstva i ego Konstitutsii [The Doctrine of the State of the Proletariat and the Peasantry and its Constitution]. Moscow, Leningrad, Gosizdat. 291 p.
Tanin-L’vov, A. A. (Ed.). (2001). Vybory vo vsem mire. Elektoral’naya svoboda i obshchestvennyy progress [Elections all over the World. Electoral Freedom and Social Progress]. Entsiklopedicheskiy slovar’. Moscow, ROSSPEN. 1112 p.
Trifonov, I. Ya. (1969). Klassy i klassovaya bor’ba v nachale nepa (1921–1925 gg.) [Classes and Class Struggle at the Beginning of the NEP (1921–1925)]. 2 Parts, Part 2. Podgotovka ekonomicheskogo nastupleniya na novuyu burzhuaziyu. Leningrad, Izd-vo LGU. 288 p.
Valuev, D. V. (2012). Lishentsy v sisteme sotsial’nykh otnosheniy (1918–1936 gg.) (na materialakh Smolenskoy gubernii i Zapadnoy oblasti) [The Disfranchised in the System of Social Relations (1918–1936) (with Reference to Materials of Smolensk Region and Western Region)]. Smolensk, Madzhenta. 155 p.
Vasilenkov, P. T. (1966). Vybory sovetskikh predstavitel’nykh organov [The Election of Soviet Representative Bodies]. Moscow, Izd-vo MGU. 82 p.
Vladimirskiy, M. (1921). Organizatsiya Sovetskoy vlasti na mestakh [The Structure of the Soviet Local Authorities]. Moscow, Gosizdat. 147 p.
Vodovozov, V. V. (2003). Vseobshchee izbiratel’noe pravo i primenenie ego v Rossii [Universal Suffrage and its Application in Russia]. In Politicheskie instituty, izbiratel’noe pravo i protsess v trudakh rossiyskikh mysliteley XIX–XX vv. Moscow, Ves’ mir, pp. 380–401.
Vybory v Sovety v Soyuze SSSR. 1934–1935 gg. [Elections to Soviets in the Soviet Union. 1934–1935. 2 Vols.]. (1935). Moscow, Vlast’ Sovetov. 135 p.
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Опубликован
2017-09-08
Как цитировать
Salamatova, M. (2017). Российские и зарубежные избирательные цензы в первой трети XX в.: буква закона и реальность. Quaestio Rossica, 5(3), 708–726. https://doi.org/10.15826/qr.2017.3.246
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Problema voluminis
