The Bolshevik Party Transformed: Stalin’s Rise to Power (1917–1927)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15826/qr.2017.3.245Аннотация
В 1917 г. большевики обещали освобождение трудящихся масс от эксплуатации. Но в течение 20 лет они установили режим гораздо более эксплуататорский и репрессивный по своей сути, чем побежденный ими царизм. Автор утверждает, что спустя более четверти века после открытия архивов мы все еще остаемся в неведении по поводу того, почему так случилось. Историки склонны рассматривать этот исход как запрограммированный либо преднамеренно спланированный, поскольку большевики были авторитарны по своей природе, или же Сталин «оседлал» революцию и установил личную диктатуру, удовлетворяя жажду власти. До сих пор нет ясности в понимании того, в какой степени положительная программа освобождения народа продолжала мотивировать большевистское руководство в межвоенный период. Большевики недооценили препятствия на пути создания общественного порядка, основанного на согласованном политическом участии. Существенный прогресс был достигнут на пути ликвидации неграмотности, но значительно труднее было создать функционирующий государственный аппарат, бороться и выиграть Гражданскую войну, а также восстановить разрушенную экономику. Падение либеральных («буржуазных») демократий в Европе укрепляло ощущение превосходства «переходной» пролетарской диктатуры. Борьба за власть после смерти Ленина направила местные партийные организации на борьбу с внутрипартийной демократией. Возрождать ее в условиях коллективизации и ускоренной индустриализации казалось неуместным. Гораздо более важным представлялось выживание революции и стремление догнать передовые капиталистические страны. Автор отмечает, что если относиться к проявлениям политического насилия и диктатуре как к конечной цели советской власти, невозможно должным образом понять судьбу революции.
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Pipes, R. (1993). Russia under the Bolshevik Regime. N. Y., A. A. Knopf. 587 p.
Priestland, D. (2007). Stalinism and the Politics of Mobilization: Ideas, Power and Terror in Inter-war Russia. Oxford, Oxford Univ. Press. 487 p.
Rabinowitch, A. (1976). The Bolsheviks Come to Power: the Revolution of 1917 in Petrograd. N. Y., W. W. Norton. 393 p.
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Service, R. (1979). The Bolshevik Party in Revolution: A Study in Organisational Change, 1917–1923. Basingstoke, Macmillan. 246 p.
Smith, J. (1998). The Georgian Affair of 1922. Policy Failure, Personality Clash or Power Struggle? In Europe-Asia Studies. No. 3, pp. 519–544.
Smith, S. A. (1983). Red Petrograd: Revolution in the Factories, 1917–18. Cambridge, Cambridge Univ. Press. 347 p.
Spengler, O. (1918). Der Untergang des Abendlandes. Wien, Braumüller. 414 p.
Stalin, I. V. (1952). Sochineniya. T. VII. Moscow, Gosudarstvennoe izdatel’stvo politicheskoyj literaturih. 424 p.
Sternhell, Z. (1996). The Intellectual Revolt Against Liberal Democracy, 1870–1945. Jerusalem, Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities. 397 p.
Suny, R. G. (1994). The Making of the Georgian Nation. Bloomington, Ind., Indiana Univ. Press. 448 p.
Trotsky, L. (1940). Stalin: an Appraisal of the Man and His Influence. L., Harper. 516 p.
Trotsky, L. (1943). The Struggle for the New Course. N. Y., N. Intern. Publ. Co. 265 p.
TsDOOSO [Center for Documentation of Social Organizations of Sverdlovsk Region]. Stock 4. List 2. Dos. 45; Stock 8. List 1. Dos. 42; Stock 1494. List 1. Dos. 190.
Tucker, R. C. (1973). Stalin as Revolutionary, 1879–1929: a Study in History and Personality. N. Y., W. W. Norton. 568 p.
Tucker, R. C. (1990). Stalin in Power: the Revolution from Above, 1928–1941. N. Y., W. W. Norton. 707 p.
Cohen, S. F. (1973). Bukharin and the Bolshevik Revolution: a Political Biography, 1888–1938. N. Y., A. A. Knopf. 519 p.
Collins, D. (1976). The Russian Red Guard of 1917 and Lenin’s Utopia. In J. of Russian Studies. No. 1, pp. 3–12.
Conquest, R. (1968). The Great Terror: Stalin’s Purge of the Thirties. L., Macmillan. 633 p. Cook, L. (2013). Collegiality in the People’s Commissariats, 1917–1920. In Revolutionary Russia. No. 1, pp. 1–31.
Daniels, R. V. (1960). The Conscience of the Revolution: Communist Opposition in Soviet Russia. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard Univ. Press. 524 p.
Davies, S., Harris, J. (2014). Stalin’s World: Dictating the Soviet Order. N. Haven, Yale Univ. Press. 340 p.
DAVO [State Archive of the Vinnytsia Region]. Stock 1. List 1. Dos. 5; Stock 1. List 1. Dos. 43; Dos. 44; Dos. 45.
Deutscher, I. (1949). Stalin: A Political Biography. L., Oxford Univ. Press. 600 p. Englander, D. (1987). Military Intelligence and the Defense of the Realm: the Surveillance of Soldiers and Civilians in Britain during the First World War. In Bulletin of the Society for the Study of Labour History. No. 1, pp. 24–32.
Fitzpatrick, S. (1989). The Civil War as a Formative Experience. In Gleason, A., Kenez P., Stites R. (Eds.). Bolshevik Culture: Experiment and Order in the Russian Revolution. Bloomington, Ind., Indiana Univ. Press. 305 p.
Fox, J., Welch, D. (Eds.) (2012). Justifying War: Propaganda, Politics and the Modern Age. Basingstoke, Macmillan. 414 p.
Friedrich, C., Brzezinski, Z. (1956). Totalitarian Dictatorship and Autocracy. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard Univ. Press. 346 p.
Getty, J. A. (2013). Practicing Stalinism: Bolsheviks, Boyars and the Persistence of Tradition. N. Haven, Yale Univ. Press. 359 p.
Gill, G. (1990). The Origins of the Stalinist Political System. Cambridge, Cambridge Univ. Press. 454 p.
Harris, J. (2005). Stalin as General Secretary: The Appointments Process and the Nature of Stalin’s Power. In Davies S., Harris J. (Eds.). Stalin: A New History. Cambridge, Cambridge Univ. Press. 295 p.
Harris, J. (2007). Encircled by Enemies: Stalin’s Perceptions of the Capitalist World, 1918–1941. In J. of Strategic Studies. No. 3, pp. 513–545.
Holquist, P. (1997). Information is the Alpha and Omega of Our Work: Bolshevik Surveillance in its Pan European Context. In J. of Modern History. No. 3, pp. 415–450.
Khlevniuk, O. (2009). Master of the House: Stalin and His Inner Circle. N. Haven, Yale Univ. Press. 313 p.
Kotkin, S. (2014). Stalin: Volume I. Paradoxes of Power, 1878–1928. N. Y., Penguin. 976 p.
Kowalski, R. (1991). The Bolshevik Party in Conflict: The Left Communist Opposition of 1918. Basingstoke, Macmillan. 244 p.
KPSS v rezoliutsiiakh i resheniiakh s’’ezdov, konferentsii i plenumov TsK (1898–1986) (1986) [The CPSU in resolutions and decisions of congresses, conferences and plenums of the Central Committee (1898–1986)]. T. 3 (1922–1925). Moscow, Politizdat. 494 p.
Laue, T. H. Von. (1964). Why Lenin? Why Stalin? A Reappraisal of the Russian Revolution, 1900–1930. Philadelphia, Lippincott. 242 p.
LeBon, G. (1896). The Crowd: A Study of the Popular Mind. L., T. Fisher Unwin. 230 p.
Lenin, V. I. (1966). Uderzhat li bolsheviki gosudarstvennuiu vlast’? [Can the Bolsheviks tate Power?]. In Polnoe sobranie sochinenij. Izd. 4. T. 34. Moscow, Politizdat, pp. 306–307.
Lewin, M. (1978). State, Society and Ideology during the First Five-Year Plan. In Fitzpatrick S. (Ed.). Cultural Revolution in Russia, 1928–1931. Bloomington, Ind., Indiana Univ. Press. 309 p.
Malia, M. (1994). The Soviet Tragedy: A History of Socialism in Russia, 1917–1991. N. Y., Free Press. 575 p.
McAuley, M. (1991). Bread and Justice: State and Society in Petrograd, 1917–1922. Oxford, Oxford Univ. Press. 461 p.
Pethybridge, R. (1974). The Social Prelude to Stalinism. L., Macmillan. 343 p.
Pietsch, W. (1969). Revolution und Staat. Institutionen als Trager der Macht in Sowjetrussland 1917–1922. Cologne, Verlag Wissenschaft und Politik. 214 p.
Pipes, R. (1993). Russia under the Bolshevik Regime. N. Y., A. A. Knopf. 587 p.
Priestland, D. (2007). Stalinism and the Politics of Mobilization: Ideas, Power and Terror in Inter-war Russia. Oxford, Oxford Univ. Press. 487 p.
Rabinowitch, A. (1976). The Bolsheviks Come to Power: the Revolution of 1917 in Petrograd. N. Y., W. W. Norton. 393 p.
Remington, T. (1984). Building Socialism in Bolshevik Russia: Ideology and Industrial Organisation, 1917–1921. Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh Univ. Press. 221 p.
Rigby, T. H. (1979). Lenin’s Government: Sovnarkom 1917–1922. Cambridge, Cambridge Univ. Press. 320 p.
RGASPI [Russian State Archive of Socio-economic History]. Stock 17. List 69. Dos. 140; Stock 17. List 3. Dos. 337; Dos. 339; Stock 17. List 84. Dos. 470; Stock 17. List 171. Dos. 26; Stock 17. List 84. Dos. 476; Stock 17. List 3. Dos. 400; Stock 558. List 1. Dos. 2569; Stock 17. List 84. Dos. 476; Stock 17. List 171. Dos. 26.
Schapiro, L. (1955). The Origin of the Communist Autocracy: Political Opposition in the Soviet State, First Phase, 1917–1922. L., G. Bell and Sons. 397 p.
Schapiro, L. (1984). 1917: The Russian Revolutions and the Origins of Present-day Communism. Hounslow, Maurice Temple Smith. 239 p.
Service, R. (1979). The Bolshevik Party in Revolution: A Study in Organisational Change, 1917–1923. Basingstoke, Macmillan. 246 p.
Smith, J. (1998). The Georgian Affair of 1922. Policy Failure, Personality Clash or Power Struggle? In Europe-Asia Studies. No. 3, pp. 519–544.
Smith, S. A. (1983). Red Petrograd: Revolution in the Factories, 1917–18. Cambridge, Cambridge Univ. Press. 347 p.
Spengler, O. (1918). Der Untergang des Abendlandes. Wien, Braumüller. 414 p.
Stalin, I. V. (1952). Sochineniya. T. VII. Moscow, Gosudarstvennoe izdatel’stvo politicheskoyj literaturih. 424 p.
Sternhell, Z. (1996). The Intellectual Revolt Against Liberal Democracy, 1870–1945. Jerusalem, Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities. 397 p.
Suny, R. G. (1994). The Making of the Georgian Nation. Bloomington, Ind., Indiana Univ. Press. 448 p.
Trotsky, L. (1940). Stalin: an Appraisal of the Man and His Influence. L., Harper. 516 p.
Trotsky, L. (1943). The Struggle for the New Course. N. Y., N. Intern. Publ. Co. 265 p.
TsDOOSO [Center for Documentation of Social Organizations of Sverdlovsk Region]. Stock 4. List 2. Dos. 45; Stock 8. List 1. Dos. 42; Stock 1494. List 1. Dos. 190.
Tucker, R. C. (1973). Stalin as Revolutionary, 1879–1929: a Study in History and Personality. N. Y., W. W. Norton. 568 p.
Tucker, R. C. (1990). Stalin in Power: the Revolution from Above, 1928–1941. N. Y., W. W. Norton. 707 p.
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Опубликован
2017-09-08
Как цитировать
Harris, J. (2017). The Bolshevik Party Transformed: Stalin’s Rise to Power (1917–1927). Quaestio Rossica, 5(3), 693–707. https://doi.org/10.15826/qr.2017.3.245
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Problema voluminis
