«Эй, губернии, снимайтесь с якорей!»: идея территориального освоения в большевистской мифологии
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15826/qr.2017.3.244Аннотация
Цель исследования – уточнить, какое место занимала задача освоения российской территории в представлениях Ленина и его сторонников, как идеальные конструкции видоизменялись под влиянием требований реальности, когда возобладала прагматика неоимперского толка. Этот вопрос рассматривается в контексте трех основных мифологем: «мировая революция», «самоопределение наций» и «коммунистическое общество». Показано, что в течение 1920-х гг. наблюдается переход от тактических принципов освоения территории бывшей Российской империи к стратегическим, при этом до 1923 г. основным следует считать фактор национального строительства. Как и в случае с идеологемой «мировой революции», по мере осознания невозможности реализовать в полной мере идеологические цели тезис самоопределения наций становился все более ритуальным. Для идеи построения коммунистического общества наиболее актуальными были сформулированные Марксом задачи индустриализации и урбанизации. В результате борьбы экономического и национального подходов к районированию утвердился третий, имперский по сути, административный подход. До середины 1920-х гг. были переосмыслены практически все идеологические доктрины, имевшие отношение к освоению территории. Прежние идеальные представления большевиков не отбрасывались полностью, а уточнялись, выполняя задачу пропагандистского обеспечения сталинского режима.
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Eliade, M. (1963). Myth and Reality. NY, Evanston, Harper & Row. 204 p.
Glazychev, V. L. (2011). Gorod bez granic [A City without Borders]. Moscow, Territoriya budushchego. 400 p.
Gvozdetskiy, V. (2001). Plan GOELRO. Mify i real’nost’ [GOELRO Plan. Myths and Reality]. In Nauka i zhizn’, Iss. 5, pp. 102–109.
Hanson, S. E. (1997). Time and Revolution: Marxism and the Design of Soviet Institutions, Chapel Hill and London: Univ of North Carolina Press. XV + 258 p.
Hirsch, F. (2000). Toward an Empire of Nations: Border-Making and the Formation of Soviet National Identities. In The Russian Rev., Iss. 59, pp. 201‒226.
Hirsch, F. (2007). State and Evolution: Ethnographic Knowledge, Economic Expediency, and the Making of the USSR, 1917‒1924. In: Burbank, J, Von Hagen, M.,Remnev, A. (Eds.), Russian Empire Space, People, Power, 1700–1930. Bloomington and Indianapolis, Indiana Univ. Press, pp. 139–168.
Khazanova, V. Eh. (1980). Sovetskaya arhitektura pervoj pyatiletki: Problemy goroda budushchego [The Soviet Architecture of the First Five-year Plan: Issues of the City of the Future]. Moscow, Nauka. 374 p.
Kotkin, S. (1995). Magnetic Mountain: Stalinism as a Civilization. Berkeley, Univ. of California Press. 639 p.
Krasovitskaya, T. Yu. (1998). Modernizaciya Rossii: nacional’no-kul’turnaya politika 20-h gg. [Modernisation of Russia: National and Cultural Policy of the 1920s]. Moscow, IRI RAN, 1998. 414 p.
Krzhizhanovsky, G. M. (1921). Hozyajstvennye problemy RSFSR i raboty gosudarstvennoj obshcheplanovoj komissii (Gosplana) [Economic Problems of the RSFSR and Work of the State Planning Committee]. Moscow, 39 tipografiya MGSNH. 112 p.
Lasky, Melvin J. (1976). Utopia and Revolution. Chicago, L.,The Univ. of Chicago Press, 1976. 726 p.
Lebina, N. B. (2015). Sovetskaya povsednevnost’: normy i anomalii. Ot voennogo kommunizma k bol’shomu stilyu [Soviet Everyday Life: Norms and Anomalies. From Military Communism to Great Style]. Moscow, Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie. 488 p.
Lebina, N. B., Chistikov, A. N. (2003). Obyvatel’ i reformy: Kartiny povsednevnoj zhizni gorozhan v gody nehpa i hrushchevskogo desyatiletiya [The Average Citizen and Reforms: Pictures of Everyday Life of Citizens during the New Economic Policy and the Khrushchev Decade]. St Petersburg: Dmitry Bulanin, 339 p.
Lenin, V. I. (1970). X Vserossijskaya konferenciya RKP(b) 2–28 maya 1921 g. Rech’ pri zakrytii konferencii 28 maya [All-Russian conference of RCP(b) on May 2–28, 1921. A Closing Speech, May 28]. In: Lenin, V. I. Collected works. 5th edition. Vol. 43. Moscow, Izdatel’stvo politicheskoj literatury, рp. 340–341.
Lenin, V. I. (1967). O manifeste ‘Soyuza armyanskih social-demokratov’ [On the Manifesto of “The union of Armenian Social Democrats”]. In: Lenin, V. I. Collected works. 5th ed. Vol. 7. Moscow, Izdatel’stvo politicheskoj literatury, pp. 102–106.
Lenin, V. I. (1969). Proletarski-revolyucionnaya postanovka voprosa o samoopredelenii nacij [Proletarian Revolutionary Posing of the Question of Self-determination of Nations]. In: Lenin, V. I. Collected works. 5th ed. Vol. 27. Moscow, Izdatel’stvo politicheskoj literatury, pp. 256–257.
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Leonov, S. V. (1997). Rozhdenie sovetskoj imperii: gosudarstvo i ideologiya [The Birth of the Soviet Empire: State and Ideology]. Moscow, Dialog-MGU. 356 p.
Losev, A. F. (1991). Dialektika mifa [Dialectics of Myth]. In: Losev, A. F. Filosofiya. Mifologiya. Kul’tura. Moscow, Mysl’, pp. 21–186.
Mannheim, C. (1954). Ideology and Utopia. An Introduction to the Sociology of Knowledge. NY, L., Harcourt, Brace, Routledge and Kegan Paul. 318 p.
Martin, T. D. (2001). The Affirmative Action Empire: Nations and Nationalism in the Soviet Union, 1923–1939. Ithaca,: Cornell Univ. Press. 496 p.
Marx, K. (1955). Nemeckaya ideologiya [The German Ideology]. In: Marx, K. and F. Engels. Works. 2nd ed. Vol. 3. Moscow, Izdatel’stvo politicheskoj literatury, pp. 7–544.
Marx, K. (1963). Pis’mo F. Engel’su ot 30 noyabrya 1867 g. [A Letter to F. Engels of November 30, 1867]. In: Marx, K. and F. Engels. Works. 2nd eition. Vol. 31. Moscow, Izdatel’stvo politicheskoj literatury, pp. 336–339.
Marx, K. and Engels, F. (1955). Manifest Kommunisticheskoj partii [Manifesto of the Communist Party]. In: Marx, K. and F. Engels. Works. 2nd ed. Vol. 4. Moscow, Izdatel’stvo politicheskoj literatury, pp. 419‒459.
McKenzie, Kermit E. (1964). Comintern and World Revolution, 1928–1943: The Shaping of Doctrine. L., NY., Columbia Univ. Press. 368 p.
Nezhinsky, L. N. (1992). Ideya ‘mirovoj revolyucii’ i vneshnyaya politika Sovetskogo gosu-darstva v 1917–1921 godah [The Idea of a “World Revolution” and the Foreign Policy of the Soviet State between 1917 and 1921]. In: Nezhinsky, L. N. (Ed.). Sovetskaya vneshnyaya politika, 1917–1945 gg. Poiski novyh podhodov. Moscow, Mezhdunarodhyje otnosheniya, pp. 8–62.
Piskunova, L. P., Starostova, L. E. (2015). ‘Gorodok chekistov’ goroda Ekaterinburga: voploshchenie i transformaciya utopii v povsednevnyh praktikah sovetskoj ehlity [“The Town of Security Officers” in Yekaterinburg: The Embodiment and Transformation of a Utopia in the Daily Activity of the Soviet Elite], Izvestiya Ural’skogo federal’nogo universiteta. Seriya 3, Obshchestvennye nauki. Iss. 4 (146), pp. 40–52.
Popper, K. (2004). The Poverty of Istoricism. L., NY., Routledge. 163 p.
Razvitie ehlektroehnergetiki Rossii 1917–1940 gg. (n/a). [The Development of the Power Industry of Russia between 1917 and 1940]. In: Ehlektronnaya ehlektrotekhnicheskaya biblioteka Electrolibrary.info. URL: http://www.electrolibrary.info/history/energetika.htm (mode of access: 25.08.2016).
Sabsovich, L. M. (1930). Socialisticheskie goroda [Socialist Cities]. Moscow, Moskovskij rabochij, 1930. 124 p.
Savelyeva, I. M., Poletaev, A. V. (2003). Znanie o proshlom: teoriya i istoriya. V 2 t. T. 1. Konstruirovanie proshlogo [Knowledge of the Past: Theory and History. 2 Vols. Vol. 1. Reconstructing the Past.]. St Petersburg, Nauka. 751 p.
Seegel, S. (2012). Mapping Europe’s Borderlands: Russian Cartography in the Age of Empire, Chicago, L., Univ. of Chicago Press. 384 p.
Shishkin, V. A. (1997). Vlast’. Politika. EHkonomika: poslerevolyucionnaya Rossiya (1917–1928) [Power. Politics. Economy: Post-revolutionary Russia (1917–1928)]. St Petersburg, Dmitri Bulanin. 399 p.
Shishkin, V. A. (2002). Stanovlenie vneshnej politiki poslerevolyucionnoj Rossii i kapitalisticheskij mir: ot revolyucionnogo “zapadnichestva” k nacional-bol’shevizmu [The Formation of the Foreign Policy of Post-revolutionary Russia and the Capitalist World: From Revolutionary “Westernism” to National Bolshevism]. St Petersburg, Dmitri Bulanin. 359 p. Sirotkin, V. G. (1998). Rizhskij mir [Peace of Riga], Mezhdunarodnaya zhizn’. Iss. 8, pp. 128–143.
Slezkine, Yu. (1994). The USSR as a Communal Apartment, or How a Socialist State Promoted Ethnic Particularism. In Slavic Rev. Iss. 53 (2), pp. 414–452.
Sokolovsky, S. V. (n/a). Ehtnicheskaya identichnost’ v perepisyah naseleniya: klassifikaci-onnye principy i podhody [Ethnic Identity in Population Censuses: Classification Principles and Approaches]. In: Demoskop Weekly. URL: http://demoscope.ru/weekly/knigi/konfer/konfer_028.html (mode of access: 19.08.2016).
Solovyova, T. V. (2006). Plan GOELRO i administrativno-territorial’noe ustrojstvo Urala v 1920-e gg. [The GOELRO Plan and the Administrative and Territorial Structure of the Urals in the 1920s]. In: Shestye Tatishchevskie chteniya : tezisy dokladov i soobshchenij, Yekaterinburg, 20–21 Apr. 2006. Yekaterinburg, Izdatel’stvo Ural’skogo universiteta. Vol. 1, pp. 204–210.
Stalin, I. V. (1954). Marksizm i nacional’nyj vopros [Marxism and the National Question]. In: Stalin, I. V. Works. Vol. 2. Moscow, OGIZ; Gosudarstvennoe izdatel’stvo politicheskoj literatury, pp. 290–367.
Stites, R. (1984). Utopias of Time, Space, and Life in the Russian Revolution. Rev. Étud. slaves, Paris, LVI/1, pp. 141–154.
Tagirova, N. (2007). Mapping the Empire’s Economic Regions from the Nineteenth to the Early Twentieth Century. In: Burbank, J., Von Hagen, M. and A. Remnev (Eds.). Russian Empire Space, People, Power, 1700-1930. Bloomington and Indianapolis, Indiana Univ. Press, pp. 125–138.
Tchebotareva, V. G. (2003). Narkomnac SSSR: svet i teni nacional’noj politiki. 1917– 1924. [Narkomnats of the USSR: The Chiaroscuro of National Politics. 1917–1924] Moscow, Obshch. akad. nauk rossijskih nemcev. 852 p.
Tchertkova, E. G. (1993). Utopiya kak tip soznaniya [Utopia as a Consciousness Type], Obshchestvennye nauki i sovremennost’. Iss. 3, pp. 81–91.
Volobuev, P. V. (1987). Vybor putej obshchestvennogo razvitiya: teoriya, istoriya, sovremennost’ [The Choice of Ways of Social Development: Theory, History, Modernity]. Moscow, Politizdat. 312 p.
Wells, H. G. (1921). Russia in the Shadows. A Project Gutenberg of Australia eBook. URL: http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks06/0602371.txt (mode of access: 07.11.2016).
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2017-09-08
Как цитировать
Gorbachev, O. (2017). «Эй, губернии, снимайтесь с якорей!»: идея территориального освоения в большевистской мифологии. Quaestio Rossica, 5(3), 675–692. https://doi.org/10.15826/qr.2017.3.244
Выпуск
Раздел
Problema voluminis
