Продовольственный кризис в Петрограде накануне Февральской революции
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15826/qr.2017.3.242Аннотация
В официальных документах царского правительства и в работах многих историков начало Февральской революции описывается как голодный бунт, вызванный «продовольственной паникой». Традиционно считается, что паника была спровоцирована слухами о введении карточной системы, что хлеба в Петрограде было достаточно. Рассмотрение вопросов о наличии хлеба в Петрограде и о динамике его реальных продаж населению показывает, что продовольственный кризис в России начался в октябре 1916 г.: когда в условиях галопирующей инфляции были введены твердые цены на зерно, производители (как помещики, так и крестьяне) отказались продавать его за обесценивавшиеся бумажные деньги. Недостаточный подвоз хлебных продуктов сокращал их запасы в Петрограде, и в конце января 1917 г. министр земледелия Риттих приказал ограничить выдачу муки в пекарни нормой в 35 тыс. пудов. При такой норме на одного человека приходился один фунт (409 г.) хлеба в день. При отсутствии карточной системы продовольствие распределялось крайне неравномерно, и значительной части стоявших в очередях людей хлеба не хватало. Это заставляло занимать очередь возможно раньше, ночью или вечером, чтобы иметь возможность получить хлеб утром при открытии булочной. Нехватка хлеба породила продовольственную панику. Первый ее период в начале февраля совпал с моментом, когда оппозиционные круги готовили массовую манифестацию в день открытия Государственной думы 14 февраля. Напуганное этими приготовлениями городское начальство 10 февраля распорядилось выдать жителям муку на пять дней вперед, что привело к резкому сокращению хлебных запасов, поэтому 18 февраля власти снова уменьшили выдачу муки в пекарни. 23 февраля начался бунт стоявших в хлебных очередях женщин, 24-го вспыхнула всеобщая забастовка – началась Февральская революция. Причиной были некомпетентность и неумелые действия правительства в кризисной ситуации. Несмотря на все усилия Временного правительства, снабжение Петрограда так и не было восстановлено, и в течение 1917 г. Нехватка хлеба приводила к новым острым политическим кризисам.
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Hjejmson, A., Brian, Je. (1992). Stachechnoe dvizhenie v Rossii vo vremja mirovoj vojny: kolichestvennyj analiz [The Strike Movement in Russia during World War I: A Quan- titative Analysis]. In Rossija i SShA na rubezhe XIX – XX vv. Moscow, Nauka, pp. 79–113.
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Hlebnyj krizis (1917) [Bread Crisis]. In Den’. No. 41, Febr. 12, p. 4.
Istorija SSSR. T. VI (1968). [History of the USSR. 13 Vols., Vol. VI]. 743 p. Moscow, Nauka.
Izmozik, V. (1991) Ogljanemsja na istoriju. 1917 god. Legendy i fakty [Let’s Look back on History. 1917. Legends and Facts]. In Nauka i zhizn’. No. 2, pp. 34–43.
K istorii poslednih dnej carskogo rezhima (1926) [On the History of the Last Days of the Tsarist Regime]. In Krasnyj arhiv. Vol. 14, pp. 228–249.
K poslednemu zasedaniju Osobogo soveshhanija po prodovol’stviju (1917) [On the Last Meeting of the Special Meeting on Food]. In Novoe vremja. No. 14706, Febr. 12, p. 2.
G. M. (1997). Fevral’skaja revoljucija [The February Revolution]. Moscow, Russkij put’. 471 p.
Kitanina, T. M. (1985). Vojna, hleb, revoljucija. Prodovol’stvennyj vopros v Rossii.1914 – oktjabr’ 1917 g. [War, Bread, Revolution. The Food Issue in Russia. 1914 – October 1917]. Leningrad, Nauka. 383 p.
Kondrat’ev, N. D. (1991) Rynok hlebov i ego regulirovanie vo vremja vojny i revoljucii [The Market of Breads and its Regulation during the War and Revolution]. Moscow, Nauka. 487 p.
Kvitkin, O. (2003). Naselenie gorodov Evropejskoj chasti RSFSR po perepisjam 1897, 1917, 1920 i 1925 godov [The Population of the Cities of the European Part of the RSFSR according to the Censuses of 1897, 1917, 1920 and 1925]. In Demoskop Weekly. No. 129–130. URL: http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/2003/0129/arxiv02.php (mode of access: 30.10.2016)
Lejberov I. P, Rudachenko, S. D. (1990). Revoljucija i hleb [Revolution and Bread]. Moscow, Mysl’. 222 p.
Michurin, A. I. (2010). Politicheskaja bor’ba v Gosudarstvennom Sovete v gody pervoj mirovoj vojny [Political Struggle in the State Council during the First World War]. St Petersburg, Izd-vo Politehn. un-ta. 323p.
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Muka, rozh’ i pshenica dlja Petrograda i Moskvy (1917) [Flour, Rye and Wheat for Petrograd and Moscow]. In Russkaja volja. No. 41, Febr. 11, p. 6.
Nachalo dvuh tovarnyh nedel’ (1917) [The Beginning of Two Commodity Weeks]. In Birzhevye vedomosti. No. 16075. Febr. 1, p. 3.
Ob’javlenie komandujushhego vojskami Petrogradskogo voennogo okruga (1917) [Announcement of the Commander of the Troops of the Petrograd Military District]. In Birzhevye vedomosti. No. 16119, Febr. 24, p. 1.
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Padenie tsarskogo rezhima. (1924). [The Fall of the Tsarist Regime. 7 Vols.]. P. E. Shchegolev, (Ed.). Leningrad, Gosizdat. 433 p.
Pipes, R. (1994). Russkaja revoljucija. T. 1 [The Russian Revolution. 2 Vols. Vol. 1]. Moscow, ROSSPEN. 400 p.
Paleolog M. (1996) Carskaja Rossija nakanune revoljucii [Tsarskaya Russia on the Eve of a Revolution]. Moscow, Terra. 286 p.
Pogrebinskij A. P. (1950). Sel’skoe hozjajstvo i prodovol’stvennyj vopros v Rossii v gody pervoj mirovoj vojny [Agriculture and the Food Problem in Russia during the First World War]. In Istoricheskie zapiski. Vol. 31, pp. 37–60.
Pogrebinskij, A. P. (1968). Gosudarstvennye finansy carskoj Rossii v jepohu imperial- izma [Public Finance of Tsarist Russia in the Era of Imperialism]. Moscow, Finansy. 167 p. Povest’ o muke, o soli i prochem (1917) [A Tale of Flour, Salt and Other Things]. In Den’. No. 41, Febr. 12, p. 3.
Prodovol’stvennyj vopros v Gorodskoj dume (1917) [The food question in the City Duma]. In Rech’. No. 42, p. 4.
Prodovol’stvennyj vopros v Petrograde (1917) [The Food Question in Petrograd]. In Rech’. No. 53, p. 6.
Prodovol’stvie Petrograda (1917) [Food of Petrograd]. In Rech’. No. 38, Febr. 9, p. 5.
Prodovol’stvie Petrograda (beseda s upolnomochennym V. K. Vejsom) (1917) [The Food of Petrograd (Conversation with the Authorised Representative V. K. Veis)]. In Birzhevye vedomosti. No. 16115, Febr. 22, p. 3.
Proekt prodlenija tovarnogo mesjaca (1917) [Draft of the Extension of the Commodity Month]. In Birzhevye vedomosti. No. 16109, Febr. 19, p. 3.
Protopopov, A. D. (2000). Pokazanija Chrezvychajnoj sledstvennoj komissii Vremennogo pravitel’stva [Testimony of the Extraordinary Investigation Commission of the Provisional Government]. In Gibel’ monarhii. Moscow, Fond A. Dubova, pp. 360–420.
Rasporjazhenie o vypechke hleba (1917) [Order for Bread Baking]. In Den’, No. 41. Febr. 12, p. 3.
Rasporjazhenie po prodovol’stviju (1917) [Order for Food Provision]. In Novoe vremja. No. 14705, Febr. 11, p. 3.
Razlozhenie armii (2010) [Decomposition of the Army]. Moscow, Veche. 495 p. RGIA [Russian state historical archive].
Rodzjanko, M. V. (1925). Zapiska M. V. Rodzjanki [Note of M. V. Rodzianki]. In Krasnyj arhiv. Vol. 3, pp. 69–86.
Shchegolev, P. E. (ed.) (1924). Padenie carskogo rezhima T. 1 [The Fall of the Tsarist Regime. Vol. 1]. Leningrad, Gosudarstvennoe izdatel’stvo. 433 p.
Shigalin, G. I. (1956). Voennaja jekonomika v pervuju mirovuju vojnu [War Economy the First World War]. Moscow, Voenizdat. 331p.
Shljapnikov, A. G. (1992). Kanun semnadcatogo goda. Semnadcatyj god. T. 2 [The Eve of 1917. The Year of 1917. 2 Vols. Vol. 2]. Moscow, Respublika. 496 p.
Sidorov A. L. (1960). Finansovoe polozhenie Rossii v gody pervoj mirovoj vojny (1914- 1917) [Financial Situation of Russia during the First World War (1914–1917)]. Moscow, Izd. AN SSSR. 578 p.
Snabzhenie naselenija hlebom (1917) [Provision of the Population with Bread]. In Den’. No. 45, Febr. 17, p. 3.
Sobolev, G. L., Hodjakov, M. V. (2016). Prodovol’stvennaja komissija Voennogo Sove- ta Leningradskogo fronta v 1942 g. [Food Commission of the Military Council of the Leningrad Front in 1942. In Novejshaja istorija Rossii. No. 1, pp. 8–28.
Svedenija o pribytii prodovol’stvennyh gruzov pervoj neobhodimosti v Petrograd (1917) [Information on the Arrival of Staple Foods in Petrograd]. In Izvestija Osobogo soveshhanija po obsuzhdeniju i ob’edineniju meroprijatij po prodovol’stvennomu delu. No. 2 (31), pp. 110—112.
Svedenija o zapasah prodovol’stvija v Petrograde (1917) [Information on Food Supplies in Petrograd]. In Izvestija po prodovol’stvennomu delu. No. 1, p. 79.
Svedenija po Petrogradu o pribytii i otpravlenii prodovol’stvennyh produktov (1917) [Information on Petrograd on the Arrival and Departure of Food Products]. In Izvestija po prodovol’stvennomu delu. No. 1 (32), pp. 72–76.
V bulochnyh (1917) [In the Bakery]. In Den’ . No. 43, Febr. 15, p. 4.
V gorodskoj Dume (1917a). [In the City Duma]. In Novoe vremja. No. 14703, Febr. 9, p. 9.
V gorodskoj Dume (1917b). [In the City Duma]. In Russkaja volja. No. 45, Febr. 16, p. 5.
Vladel’cam pekaren i bulochnyh zavedenij (1917) [To the Owners of Bakeries and Bread Sellers]. In Novoe vremja. No. 14717. Febr. 24, p. 4.
Vopros k pravitel’stvu o prodovol’stvii Petrograda. Rech’ Shingareva (1917) [Question overnment about the Food of Petrograd. Shingarev’s speech]. In Novoe vremja, Febr. 25, p. 4.
Загрузки
Опубликован
2017-09-08
Как цитировать
Nefedov, S. (2017). Продовольственный кризис в Петрограде накануне Февральской революции. Quaestio Rossica, 5(3), 635–655. https://doi.org/10.15826/qr.2017.3.242
Выпуск
Раздел
Problema voluminis
