Татары-мусульмане и новокрещены в Новгородской земле: формирование и функционирование малой социальной группы (конец XVI – начало XVII в.)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15826/qr.2016.3.177Аннотация
Рассматривается история формирования и функционирования малой социальной группы в Новгородской земле второй половины XVI – начала XVII в. На основании ряда источников реконструируется география расселения и ставится проблема конверсии – перехода мусульман в православие. Выделяются этапы социально-политической истории новгородских татар и ново-крещенов до начала Смутного времени. Используется просопографический метод: изучено 418 биографий татар и новокрещенов. Основными источниками являются документы Разрядного и Поместного приказов, а также Новгородской приказной избы. История новгородских татар началась в 1550-х гг., в это время группы татар из Астрахани и Казани были испомещены в восточной части новгородских земель. Поскольку они находились на царской службе, они получили поместья, населенные православными крестьянами. Затем в течение 1550–1611 гг. различные группы мусульманского населения из Азова, Крыма, Бухары продолжали появляться в Новгороде, обретая самоидентификацию. Исследуется также проблема перехода татар из ислама в православие: устанавливается, что процесс христианизации был медленным, но под воздействием православного окружения непрерывным. В 1605 г. насчитывалось уже 197 татар-новокрещенов и 48 мусульман. После Смутного времени различия между группами татар исчезли, а районы их компактного проживания фрагментировались. Большинство татар покинули поместья и стали служить за «корм» и жалованье, хотя вплоть до Великой Северной войны сохранялась отдельная группа новгородских татар и новокрещенов.
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Selin, A. A. (2009). Kompleks dokumentov o vizite datskogo printsa Yukhana v Novgorod v avguste 1602 g. [Data Complex Concerning Prince Johan’s visit to Novgorod in August, 1602]. In Drevnyaya Rus′ : Voprosy medievistiki, 3, pp. 101–102.
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Akty Moskovskogo gosudarstva [Acts of Muscovite State]. (1890). Vol. 1. 766 p. Moscow, Izd. tipografii Imperatorskoy akademii nauk.
Arakcheev, V. A. (1993). Utrachennyy ukaz 1582 g. ob ispomeshchenii “detey boyarskikh nemetskikh gorodov” i ego realizatsiya [The Lost Order of 1582 on Giving Estates to the Boyar Sons from “Nemetskie Goroda” and Its Implementation]. In Feodal′naya Rossiya. Novye issledovaniya (pp. 38–42). St. Petersburg, Tret′ya Rossiya.
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Belyakov, A. V. (2005). Uchastie sibirskogo tsarevicha Altanaya ibn Kuchuma v sobytiyakh Smutnogo vremeni i ego sud′ba [The Participation of Siberian Prince Altanay ibn Kutchum in the Time of Troubles Events and His Fate]. In Mininskie chteniya : materialy nauchnoy konferentsii. Nizhegorodsky gosudarstvennyy universitet imeni N.I. Lobachevskogo (29–30 oktyabrya 2004 g.) (pp. 21–35). Nizhny Novgorod, Izd-vo Nizhegorodskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta.
Belyakov, A. V. (2011). Chingisidy v Rossii XV–XVII vekov : Prosopograficheskoe issledovanie [Chingisides in 16th–17th Century Russia. A Prosopographical Study]. 512 p. Ryazan, Ryazan′. Mir.
Dopolneniya k aktam istoricheskim, sobrannyya i izdannyya arkheograficheskoyu kommissieyu [Addenda to Historical Acta Collected and Published by the Archaeograpic Commission]. (1846). Vol. 1. 400 p. St. Petersburg, Izd. tipografii Imp. Kantselyarii.
Jordebocker. (1859). Pistsovye knigi Izhorskoy zemli [Record Books of Ingria]. Vol. 1. Gody 1618–1623. 151 p. St. Petersburg, V tipografii Imperatorskoy akademii nauk.
Kozlyakov, V. N. (1999). Sluzhilyy “gorod” Moskovskogo gosudarstva XVII veka (ot Smuty do Sobornogo ulozheniya) [Service “Town” of the 17th Century Muscovite State (From the Time of Troubles to the Sobor Legislation]. (Dissertation abstract). 50 p. St. Petersburg.
Krotov, M. G. (1982). Desyatni XVI – nachala XVII v. kak istorichesky istochnik [16th – Early 17th century Service Lists as a Historical Source]. In Istochnikovedenie I istoriografiya istorii SSSR : Dooktyabr′sky period (pp. 56–72). Moscow, Izd-vo Instituta istorii SSSR AN. URL: http://www.krotov.org/yakov/desyatni/ind_des.html (mode of access: 27.04.2016).
Kukovenko, V. K. (2004) Ivan Groznyy i oprichnina [Ivan the Terrible and Oprichnina]. In Ioann Groznyy : antologiya (pp. 476–498). Moscow, EKSMO.
Kurbatov, O. A. (2006). Polk Antoniya Granovskogo v pokhode 1654 g.: o polozhenii voennykh spetsialistov inzhenernogo i artilleriyskogo dela v russkom voyske [Antony Granovsky’s Regiment in the 1654 Company: Towards the Issue of Military Experts in Engineering and Artillery Position in Russian Army]. In Inozemtsy v Rossii v XV–XVII vekakh : sbornik materialov konferentsy 2002–2004 gg. (pp. 316–335). Moscow, Drevlekhranilishche.
Moiseev, M. V. (2013). Predstaviteli politicheskikh elit pokorennykh tatarskikh khanstv v Rossii vtoroy poloviny XVI v.: Khosrov-bek [Representatives of Political Elites of Tarta Khanates in Russia in the 2nd half of the 16th Century: Hosrov-Beck]. In Istoricheskie biografii v kontekste regional′nykh i imperskikh granits Severnoy Evropy (pp. 41–46). St. Petersburg, Izd-vo NIUVShE.
Moiseev, M. V. (2016). Musul′manskaya politika Russkogo gosudarstva v epokhu Ivana Groznogo: diskussionnye aspekty [The Muslim Policy of the Russian State under Ivan the Terrible: Controversial Aspects]. In Questatio Rossica, 1, pp. 37–54. DOI 10.15826/QR.2016.1.140.
Nevolin, K. A. (1853). O pyatinakh i pogostakh novgorodskikh [Towards the Issue of Novgorod Pyatina and Pogost]. 663 p. St. Petersburg, Izd. tipografii Imperatorskoy akademii nauk.
Orlenko, S. P. (2002). Vykhodtsy iz Zapadnoy Evropy i russkie gorozhane v XVII veke (po neopublikovannym istochnikam RGADA) [Resettlers from Western Europe andRussian Townsmen in 17th Century (On the Unpublished Sources from RGADA)]. In Slavyanovedenie, 2, pp. 69–81.
Pistsovye knigi Novgorodskoy zemli [Record Books of Novgorod Land]. (1999). Vol. 1. 432 p. St. Petersburg, Dmitry Bulanin.
Postnikov, I. N. (1921). Dvoryanskoe zemlevladenie v Bezhetskom uezde [Noblemen Landownership in Bezhetsk District]. In Bezhetsky Kray (pp. 36–55). Bezhetsk, Gos. izdvo,Tverskoe otdelenie.
Prikhodnaya kniga Novgorodskogo doma svyatoy Sofii. 1576/77 g. [The Receipt Bookof Novgorod St. Sophia Estate]. (2011). 284 p. Moscow, St. Petersburg, Arkheo-Al′yans.
Razryadnaya kniga 1475–1605 gg. : v 3 t. [Razryad Book of 1475–1605] (1982). Vol.2. Part 3. 914 p. Moscow, Nauka.
Riksarkivet, Stockholm, Ockupationsarkivet från Novgorod. Ser. 1 : 4, 1 : 46, 1 : 64, 2 : 25. RGADA – Rossiysky gosudarstvennyy arkhiv drevnikh aktov [Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts]. Stock 1209 (Pomestnyj Prikaz). Dossier 962, 964, 16925, 16935, 16936,16942, 16974; Stock 210. List 4. Dossier 122; Stock 96. 1616. Dossier 6, 10.
Samokvasov, D. Ya. (1905). Arkhivnyy material : v 2 t. [Archival Data]. Vol. 1.Novootkrytye dokumenty pomestno-votchinnykh uchrezhdeniy Moskovskogo tsarstva.800 p. Moscow, Izd. Imp. Moskovskogo universiteta.
Samokvasov, D. Ya. (1909). Arkhivnyy material : v 2 t. [Archival Data]. Vol. 2.Novootkrytye dokumenty pomestno-votchinnykh uchrezhdeniy Moskovskogo tsarstva.Part 2. 850 p. Moscow, Izd. Imp. Moskovskogo universiteta.
Sedov, P. V. (1993). Pomestnye i denezhnye oklady kak istochnik po istorii dvoryanstva v Smutu [Land and Money Ranks as a Source for Noblemen History during the Time of Troubles]. In Arkhiv russkoy istorii, Iss. 3, pp. 227–241. Moscow, Arkheografichesky tsentr.
Selin, A. A. (2008). Novgorodskoe obshchestvo epokhi Smuty [Novgorod Society during the Time of Troubles]. 752 p. St. Petersburg, Blits.
Selin, A. A. (2009). Kompleks dokumentov o vizite datskogo printsa Yukhana v Novgorod v avguste 1602 g. [Data Complex Concerning Prince Johan’s visit to Novgorod in August, 1602]. In Drevnyaya Rus′ : Voprosy medievistiki, 3, pp. 101–102.
Selin, A. A. (2014). Priezd printsa Gansa Datskogo v Moskovskoe gosudarstvo i Novgorodskiy sluzhilyy gorod v 1602 g. [The Arrival of Prince Hans of Denmark to Muscovy and Novgorod Servicemen Corporation in 1602]. In Edinorog : Materialy po voennoy istorii Vostochnoy Evropy, Iss. 3, pp. 278–349. Moscow, Russkie vityazi.
Smirnov, N. V. (2010). Livonskaya voyna i goroda Livonii [Livonian War and Towns of Livonia]. In Baltiysky vopros v kontse XV – XVI v. : sbornik nauchnykh statey (pp. 454–481). Moscow, Kvadriga.
Tsentr istoricheskikh issledovany [Center of Historical Researches]. URL: http://sh.spb.hse.ru/chr/socialhistory (mode of access: 31.05.2016).
Vinogradov, A. V. (2010). Russko-krymskie otnosheniya v 1570–1590-kh gg. v kontekste dinasticheskogo krizisa Gireev [Russian-Crimean Relations in the 1570s–1590s in the Context of Girej Dynastic Crisis]. In Srednevekovye tyurko-tatarskie gosudarstva, Iss. 2, pp. 274–299. Kazan, Ikhlas.
Vorob′ev, V. M. (2003). Lzhedmitry I i sud′by sluzhby “po otechestvu” pomestnoy sistemy [False Dimitry and I Changes in the Land Estate Service System]. In Proshloe Novgoroda i Novgorodskoy zemli : materialy nauchnoy konferentsii 18–20 noyabrya 2003 goda (pp. 47–49). Veliky Novgorod, NovGU im.Yaroslava Mudrogo.
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2016-09-30
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Selin, A. (2016). Татары-мусульмане и новокрещены в Новгородской земле: формирование и функционирование малой социальной группы (конец XVI – начало XVII в.). Quaestio Rossica, 4(3), 93–110. https://doi.org/10.15826/qr.2016.3.177
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