«Знамя Ермака» из собрания оружейной палаты: легенда и факты
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15826/qr.2016.1.147Аннотация
Историческое осмысление похода, приведшего к присоединению Сибири к России, практически сразу оказалось связано с сакрализацией его главного действующего лица – Ермака. В этом смысле естественно было и появление своеобразных «контактных реликвий», то есть предметов, по легенде принадлежащих легендарному завоевателю. Среди них оказались воинские доспехи Ермака, а также знамена, которые были важны и в силу своей изначальной сакральности – они несли на себе священные изображения. Это относится к знамени из Оружейной палаты Московского Кремля с изображением явления архангела Михаила Иисусу Навину. Оно было прислано в начале XIX в. из Тобольска в составе целой группы знамен, и до последнего времени принадлежность его Ермаку не подвергалась сомнению. В статье приводятся доказательства того, что знамя было создано веком позже, в конце XVII столетия. На это указывает характер художественного решения знамени: декоративные элементы на полях, заимствованные из книжной иллюстрации, особенности изображения фигур и пейзажа. Возможность написания знамени в Москве и его привоза в Тобольск кажется маловероятной, сохранились письменные свидетельства об изготовлении знамен в сибирских городах (Красноярске, Енисейске, Тобольске) в конце XVII в. Известно, что в 1696 г. С. У. Ремезов, известный сибирский летописатель и картограф, выполнил семь знамён с фигуративными изображениями для Тобольска. На основании этого высказывается гипотеза, что рассматриваемое знамя, как и ряд других, хранящихся в Оружейной палате, но до сих пор не опубликованных, происходит из числа сделанных самим Ремезовым. Автор высказывает предположение о том, что отнесли стяг ко времени Ермака, очевидно, уже гораздо позднее, когда были забыты реальные обстоятельства его создания.
Библиографические ссылки
Barakhovich, P. N. (2014). Znamena sluzhilykh lyudey Tsentral′noy Sibiri XVII veka (Eniseysk, Krasnoyarsk) [Flags of Service Class Men in Central Siberia of the XVIIth century (Yeniseisk, Krasnoyarsk)]. In Vestnik Krasnoyarskogo gosudarstvennogo pedagogicheskogo universiteta im. V. P. Astaf′eva, 2 (28), pp. 129–133.
Berezikov, N. A. & Lyutsidarskaya A. A. (2013). Znamena sibirskikh kazakov-zemleprokhodtsev [Banners of Siberian Cossacks-explorers]. In Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Ser.: Istoriya, 2 (22), pp. 14–17.
Blazhes, V. V. (2002). Fol′klor Urala: Narodnaya istoriya o Ermake (issledovaniya i teksty) [Folklore of the Urals : Folk story of Ermak (Research and Texts)]. 186 p. Yekaterinburg, Izdatel′stvo Ural′skogo universiteta.
Blazhes, V. V. (2012). Kungurskaya letopis′ [The Kungur Chronicle]. In Blazhes, V. V.& Sozina, E. K. (Eds.). Istoriya literatury Urala : Konets XIV – XVIII v. (pp. 238–243). Moscow, Yazyki slavyanskoy kul′tury.
Bryusova, V. G. (1984). Russkaya zhivopis′ XVII veka [Russian Painting of the XVIIth century]. 420 p. Moscow, Iskusstvo.
Buseva-Davydova, I. L. (2008). Kul′tura i iskusstvo v epokhu peremen : Rossiya semnadtsatogo stoletiya [Culture and Art in an Era of Changes : Russia of the Seventeenth Century]. 364 p. Moscow, Indrik.
Dergacheva-Skop, E. I. & Alekseev, V. N. (2006). Remezovskaya letopis′: Istoriya Sibirskaya, Letopis′ Sibirskaya kratkaya Kungurskaya: Issledovanie, tekst, perevod [Remezov Chronicle: History Siberian, Siberian Chronicle Kungurskaya Brief: Study, Text, Translation]. 267 p. Tobolsk, Fond “Vozrozhdenie Tobol′ska”.
Eskin, Yu. M. (Ed.). (2007). Tsarskiy Titulyarnik [Tsar′s Book of Titles]. (Book 1. Titulyarnik 1672 goda). 244 p. Moscow, Kul′turno-prosvetitel′nyy fond imeni Sergeya Stolyarova.
Golovanova, M. P. (n..d.). Znamena vtoroy poloviny XVI – kontsa XX veka : catalog sobraniya Muzeev Moskovskogo Kremlya [Banners of the second half of XVIth – the end of XXth century : Catalog of the Moscow Kremlin Museums]. (In print).
Golovanova, M. P. (2005). Relikvii rossiyskoy istorii iz sobraniya Oruzheynoy palaty Moskovskogo Kremlya : Znamya D. M. Pozharskogo [Relics of Russian history from the Armoury Chamber of the Moscow Kremlin : Banner of D. M. Pozharsky]. In Gerboved′′, 83 (5), pp. 70–78.
Gol′denberg, L. A. (1990). Izograf zemli sibirskoy : Zhizn′ i trudy Semena Remezova [Painter of the Siberian Land : Life and Works of Semyon Remezov]. 400 p. Magadan, Magadanskoe knizhnoe izdatel′stvo.
Gol′denberg, L. A. (1965). Semen Ul′yanovich Remezov: Sibirskiy kartograf i geograf. 1642 – posle 1720 g. [Semyon Ul′yanovich Remezov: Siberian cartographer and geographer. 1642 – after 1720]. 260 p. Moscow, Nauka.
Gordeev, N. V. (1964). Oruzhie [The Weapon]. In Oruzheynaya palata (pp. 11–72). Moscow, Moskovsky rabochy. Ikonopistsy tsarya Mikhaila Romanova [Painters of Tsar Mikhail Romanov]. (2007). 180 p. Moscow, Khudozhnik i kniga.
Khromov, O. R. (2010). Rukopisnaya kniga s gravyurami – novyy zhanr v iskusstve russkoy knigi Pozdnego Srednevekov′ya i Novogo vremeni [Handwritten book with engravings – a new genre in the art of Russian books in Late Medieval and Modern Times]. In Kniga i vremya, 3, pp. 54–61.
Komarov, I. A., Lavrent′ev, A. V. & Levykin, A. K. (Eds., Comp.) (2001). Orel i lev: Rossiya i Shvetsiya v XVII veke [Eagle and Lion : Russia and Sweden in the XVIIth century]. 158 p. Moscow, IMA-press.
Kotoshikhin, G. K. (1852). O Rossii v tsarstvovanie Alekseya Mikhaylovicha [On Russia during the Reign of Alexey Mikhailovich]. 274 p. Sankt Petersburg, Izdanie Arkheograficheskoy komissii.
Kuznetsov, E. V. (1892). K svedeniyam o znamenakh Ermaka [For information about the banners of Ermak]. In Tobol′skie gubernskie vedomosti, 43, October 24.
Likhachev, D. S. (1947). Russkie letopisi i ikh kul′turno-istoricheskoe znachenie [Russian Chronicles and Their Cultural Significance]. 499 p. Moscow, Leningrad, Izd-vo AN SSSR.
Losunov, A. M. (2012). Iz istorii svyatyni sibirskogo kazach′ego voyska – znameni Ermaka Timofeevicha [From the History of the Shrine of the Siberian Cossack Troops – the Banner of Ermak Timofeevich]. In Losunov, A. M., Churkin, M. K. & Parygin, N. P. (Eds.) Nedbaevskie istoricheskie chteniya (pp. 269–277). Omsk, Izd-vo OmGPU.
Mayasova, N. A. (1971). Drevnerusskoe shit′e [Old Russian Embroidery]. 140 p. Moscow, Iskusstvo.
Pavla Ioviya Novokomskogo kniga o posol′stve Vasiliya, velikogo knyazya Moskovskogo, k pape Klimentu VII [De legatione Basilii Magni Principis Moschoviae]. (1908). 320 p. Sankt Petersburg, Tip. M. A. Aleksandrova.
Pavlenko, V. V. (2001). Sibirskie relikvii v Moskovskom Kremle [Siberian Relics in the Moscow Kremlin]. In Mir muzeya, 4, pp. 22–27.
Pestov, I. S. (1833). Zapiski ob Eniseyskoy gubernii [Notes on the Yenisei Province]. 298 p. Moscow, Universitetskaya tipografiya.
Petrov, A. S. (2009). Vizantiyskaya vyshivka iz Urbino : K voprosu o prednaznachenii pamyatnika [Byzantine Embroidery from Urbino. The Purpose of the Piece]. In Ubrus, XII, pp. 1–7. Sankt Petersburg.
Romodanovskaya, E. K. (2012a). Initsiirovanie kul′turno-pis′mennoy traditsii [Initiating the Cultural Written Tradition]. In Blazhes, V. V. & Sozina, E. K. (Eds.). Istoriya literatury Urala. Konets XIV – XVIII v. (pp. 210–214). Moscow, Yazyki slavyanskoy kul′tury.
Romodanovskaya, E. K. (2012b). Tobol′skoe letopisanie Savvy Esipova [Tobolsk Chronicles of Savva Yesipov]. In Blazhes, V. V. & Sozina, E. K. (Eds.). Istoriya literatury Urala. Konets XIV – XVIII v. (pp. 225–229). Moscow, Yazyki slavyanskoy kul′tury.
Romodanovskaya, E. K. & Soboleva, L. S. (2012). Literaturno-publitsisticheskaya deyatel′nost′ tobol′skikh arkhiereev [Tobolsk bishops’ literary and publicist activity].In Blazhes, V. V. & Sozina, E. K. (Eds.). Istoriya literatury Urala : Konets XIV – XVIII v. (pp. 215–224). Moscow, Yazyki slavyanskoy kul′tury.
Rossiyskie imperatory i Oruzheynaya palata [Russian Emperors and the Armoury Chamber]. (2006). 280 p. Moscow, Khudozhnik i kniga.
Shuldyakov, V. (2008). Znamya Ermaka : Dve tayny bestsennoy relikvii Sibirskogo kazach′ego voyska [The Banner of Ermak. Two Mysteries of Priceless Relics of the Siberian Cossack Troops]. In Tobol′sk i vsya Sibir′ (Iss. 10, pp. 151–158). Tobolsk.
Sibirskie letopisi [Siberian Chronicles]. (1907). 464 p. Sankt Petersburg, Imper. Arkheograficheskaya komissiya.
Silaeva, E. I. (Comp.). (1992). Proizvedeniya ikonopistsev Oruzheynoy palaty Moskovskogo Kremlya : Iz sobraniya Ostankinskogo dvortsa-muzeya [Works of painters of Moscow Kremlin Armoury : From the collection of the Ostankino Palace-Museum]. 112 p. Moscow, Erna LTD.
Soboleva, L. S. (2008). “Gosudarev ataman” Ermak Timofeevich: vektory idealizatsii [“Sovereign Ataman” Ermak Timofeevich: Vectors of the Idealization]. In Dergacheva-Skop, E. I. & Alekseev, V. N. (Eds., Comp.) Drevnerusskoe dukhovnoe nasledie v Sibiri: nauchnoe izuchenie pamyatnikov traditsionnoy russkoy knizhnosti na vostoke Rossii. : v 2 t. (Vol. 2, pp. 185–202). Novosibirsk.
Soboleva, L. S. (2012). Stroganovskaya letopis′: kontseptsiya i obraznoe reshenie [The Stroganov Chronicle: its Concept and Images]. In Blazhes, V. V. & Sozina, E. K. (Eds.). Istoriya literatury Urala : Konets XIV – XVIII v. (pp. 230–237). Moscow, Yazyki slavyanskoy kul′tury.
Tychinskaya, P. A. (2012). Obraz arkhangela Mikhaila groznykh sil voevody v russkom iskusstve Pozdnego Srednevekov′ya [The Image of Archangel Michael “Commander of Formidable Forces” in the Russian Art of the Late Middle Ages]. (A PhD Thesis in Art History). 259 p. Moscow, Gos. institut iskusstvoznaniya.
Velikanov, V. S. (2013). “Salatskie trofei”: polkovoe imushchestvo streletskikh polkov Nechaeva i Protopopova, poteryannoe v srazhenii pri Salatakh 18/29 marta 1703 goda [“Saladen’s Trophies”: Regimental Property of Streltsy Regiments Nechayev and Protopopov, Lost in the Battle of Saladen 18/29 March 1703]. In Staryy Tseykhgauz, 52 (2/2013), pp. 3–13.
Vibe, P. P. (2008). K voprosu o pokhishchenii Annenkovym znameni druzhiny Ermaka [On the issue of the abduction of flag Ermak by Annenkov]. In Vibe, P. P. & Nazartseva, T. M. (Comp.) Izvestiya Omskogo gosudarstvennogo istoriko-kraevedcheskogo muzeya, 14, pp. 285–290. Omsk.
Vilinbakhov, G. V. (1982). Russkie znamena XVII v. s izobrazheniem edinoroga [Russian Banners of the XVIIth century with the Image of a Unicorn]. In Soobshcheniya Gosudarstvennogo Ermitazha (Iss. IIIL). Leningrad.
Yakovlev, L. P. (1865). Russkie starinnye znamena [Old Russian Banners]. In Drevnosti Rossiyskogo gosudarstva. Dopolnenie k III Otd. (Part 2: Podrobnaya opis′ russkikh starinnykh znamen). Moscow.
Berezikov, N. A. & Lyutsidarskaya A. A. (2013). Znamena sibirskikh kazakov-zemleprokhodtsev [Banners of Siberian Cossacks-explorers]. In Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Ser.: Istoriya, 2 (22), pp. 14–17.
Blazhes, V. V. (2002). Fol′klor Urala: Narodnaya istoriya o Ermake (issledovaniya i teksty) [Folklore of the Urals : Folk story of Ermak (Research and Texts)]. 186 p. Yekaterinburg, Izdatel′stvo Ural′skogo universiteta.
Blazhes, V. V. (2012). Kungurskaya letopis′ [The Kungur Chronicle]. In Blazhes, V. V.& Sozina, E. K. (Eds.). Istoriya literatury Urala : Konets XIV – XVIII v. (pp. 238–243). Moscow, Yazyki slavyanskoy kul′tury.
Bryusova, V. G. (1984). Russkaya zhivopis′ XVII veka [Russian Painting of the XVIIth century]. 420 p. Moscow, Iskusstvo.
Buseva-Davydova, I. L. (2008). Kul′tura i iskusstvo v epokhu peremen : Rossiya semnadtsatogo stoletiya [Culture and Art in an Era of Changes : Russia of the Seventeenth Century]. 364 p. Moscow, Indrik.
Dergacheva-Skop, E. I. & Alekseev, V. N. (2006). Remezovskaya letopis′: Istoriya Sibirskaya, Letopis′ Sibirskaya kratkaya Kungurskaya: Issledovanie, tekst, perevod [Remezov Chronicle: History Siberian, Siberian Chronicle Kungurskaya Brief: Study, Text, Translation]. 267 p. Tobolsk, Fond “Vozrozhdenie Tobol′ska”.
Eskin, Yu. M. (Ed.). (2007). Tsarskiy Titulyarnik [Tsar′s Book of Titles]. (Book 1. Titulyarnik 1672 goda). 244 p. Moscow, Kul′turno-prosvetitel′nyy fond imeni Sergeya Stolyarova.
Golovanova, M. P. (n..d.). Znamena vtoroy poloviny XVI – kontsa XX veka : catalog sobraniya Muzeev Moskovskogo Kremlya [Banners of the second half of XVIth – the end of XXth century : Catalog of the Moscow Kremlin Museums]. (In print).
Golovanova, M. P. (2005). Relikvii rossiyskoy istorii iz sobraniya Oruzheynoy palaty Moskovskogo Kremlya : Znamya D. M. Pozharskogo [Relics of Russian history from the Armoury Chamber of the Moscow Kremlin : Banner of D. M. Pozharsky]. In Gerboved′′, 83 (5), pp. 70–78.
Gol′denberg, L. A. (1990). Izograf zemli sibirskoy : Zhizn′ i trudy Semena Remezova [Painter of the Siberian Land : Life and Works of Semyon Remezov]. 400 p. Magadan, Magadanskoe knizhnoe izdatel′stvo.
Gol′denberg, L. A. (1965). Semen Ul′yanovich Remezov: Sibirskiy kartograf i geograf. 1642 – posle 1720 g. [Semyon Ul′yanovich Remezov: Siberian cartographer and geographer. 1642 – after 1720]. 260 p. Moscow, Nauka.
Gordeev, N. V. (1964). Oruzhie [The Weapon]. In Oruzheynaya palata (pp. 11–72). Moscow, Moskovsky rabochy. Ikonopistsy tsarya Mikhaila Romanova [Painters of Tsar Mikhail Romanov]. (2007). 180 p. Moscow, Khudozhnik i kniga.
Khromov, O. R. (2010). Rukopisnaya kniga s gravyurami – novyy zhanr v iskusstve russkoy knigi Pozdnego Srednevekov′ya i Novogo vremeni [Handwritten book with engravings – a new genre in the art of Russian books in Late Medieval and Modern Times]. In Kniga i vremya, 3, pp. 54–61.
Komarov, I. A., Lavrent′ev, A. V. & Levykin, A. K. (Eds., Comp.) (2001). Orel i lev: Rossiya i Shvetsiya v XVII veke [Eagle and Lion : Russia and Sweden in the XVIIth century]. 158 p. Moscow, IMA-press.
Kotoshikhin, G. K. (1852). O Rossii v tsarstvovanie Alekseya Mikhaylovicha [On Russia during the Reign of Alexey Mikhailovich]. 274 p. Sankt Petersburg, Izdanie Arkheograficheskoy komissii.
Kuznetsov, E. V. (1892). K svedeniyam o znamenakh Ermaka [For information about the banners of Ermak]. In Tobol′skie gubernskie vedomosti, 43, October 24.
Likhachev, D. S. (1947). Russkie letopisi i ikh kul′turno-istoricheskoe znachenie [Russian Chronicles and Their Cultural Significance]. 499 p. Moscow, Leningrad, Izd-vo AN SSSR.
Losunov, A. M. (2012). Iz istorii svyatyni sibirskogo kazach′ego voyska – znameni Ermaka Timofeevicha [From the History of the Shrine of the Siberian Cossack Troops – the Banner of Ermak Timofeevich]. In Losunov, A. M., Churkin, M. K. & Parygin, N. P. (Eds.) Nedbaevskie istoricheskie chteniya (pp. 269–277). Omsk, Izd-vo OmGPU.
Mayasova, N. A. (1971). Drevnerusskoe shit′e [Old Russian Embroidery]. 140 p. Moscow, Iskusstvo.
Pavla Ioviya Novokomskogo kniga o posol′stve Vasiliya, velikogo knyazya Moskovskogo, k pape Klimentu VII [De legatione Basilii Magni Principis Moschoviae]. (1908). 320 p. Sankt Petersburg, Tip. M. A. Aleksandrova.
Pavlenko, V. V. (2001). Sibirskie relikvii v Moskovskom Kremle [Siberian Relics in the Moscow Kremlin]. In Mir muzeya, 4, pp. 22–27.
Pestov, I. S. (1833). Zapiski ob Eniseyskoy gubernii [Notes on the Yenisei Province]. 298 p. Moscow, Universitetskaya tipografiya.
Petrov, A. S. (2009). Vizantiyskaya vyshivka iz Urbino : K voprosu o prednaznachenii pamyatnika [Byzantine Embroidery from Urbino. The Purpose of the Piece]. In Ubrus, XII, pp. 1–7. Sankt Petersburg.
Romodanovskaya, E. K. (2012a). Initsiirovanie kul′turno-pis′mennoy traditsii [Initiating the Cultural Written Tradition]. In Blazhes, V. V. & Sozina, E. K. (Eds.). Istoriya literatury Urala. Konets XIV – XVIII v. (pp. 210–214). Moscow, Yazyki slavyanskoy kul′tury.
Romodanovskaya, E. K. (2012b). Tobol′skoe letopisanie Savvy Esipova [Tobolsk Chronicles of Savva Yesipov]. In Blazhes, V. V. & Sozina, E. K. (Eds.). Istoriya literatury Urala. Konets XIV – XVIII v. (pp. 225–229). Moscow, Yazyki slavyanskoy kul′tury.
Romodanovskaya, E. K. & Soboleva, L. S. (2012). Literaturno-publitsisticheskaya deyatel′nost′ tobol′skikh arkhiereev [Tobolsk bishops’ literary and publicist activity].In Blazhes, V. V. & Sozina, E. K. (Eds.). Istoriya literatury Urala : Konets XIV – XVIII v. (pp. 215–224). Moscow, Yazyki slavyanskoy kul′tury.
Rossiyskie imperatory i Oruzheynaya palata [Russian Emperors and the Armoury Chamber]. (2006). 280 p. Moscow, Khudozhnik i kniga.
Shuldyakov, V. (2008). Znamya Ermaka : Dve tayny bestsennoy relikvii Sibirskogo kazach′ego voyska [The Banner of Ermak. Two Mysteries of Priceless Relics of the Siberian Cossack Troops]. In Tobol′sk i vsya Sibir′ (Iss. 10, pp. 151–158). Tobolsk.
Sibirskie letopisi [Siberian Chronicles]. (1907). 464 p. Sankt Petersburg, Imper. Arkheograficheskaya komissiya.
Silaeva, E. I. (Comp.). (1992). Proizvedeniya ikonopistsev Oruzheynoy palaty Moskovskogo Kremlya : Iz sobraniya Ostankinskogo dvortsa-muzeya [Works of painters of Moscow Kremlin Armoury : From the collection of the Ostankino Palace-Museum]. 112 p. Moscow, Erna LTD.
Soboleva, L. S. (2008). “Gosudarev ataman” Ermak Timofeevich: vektory idealizatsii [“Sovereign Ataman” Ermak Timofeevich: Vectors of the Idealization]. In Dergacheva-Skop, E. I. & Alekseev, V. N. (Eds., Comp.) Drevnerusskoe dukhovnoe nasledie v Sibiri: nauchnoe izuchenie pamyatnikov traditsionnoy russkoy knizhnosti na vostoke Rossii. : v 2 t. (Vol. 2, pp. 185–202). Novosibirsk.
Soboleva, L. S. (2012). Stroganovskaya letopis′: kontseptsiya i obraznoe reshenie [The Stroganov Chronicle: its Concept and Images]. In Blazhes, V. V. & Sozina, E. K. (Eds.). Istoriya literatury Urala : Konets XIV – XVIII v. (pp. 230–237). Moscow, Yazyki slavyanskoy kul′tury.
Tychinskaya, P. A. (2012). Obraz arkhangela Mikhaila groznykh sil voevody v russkom iskusstve Pozdnego Srednevekov′ya [The Image of Archangel Michael “Commander of Formidable Forces” in the Russian Art of the Late Middle Ages]. (A PhD Thesis in Art History). 259 p. Moscow, Gos. institut iskusstvoznaniya.
Velikanov, V. S. (2013). “Salatskie trofei”: polkovoe imushchestvo streletskikh polkov Nechaeva i Protopopova, poteryannoe v srazhenii pri Salatakh 18/29 marta 1703 goda [“Saladen’s Trophies”: Regimental Property of Streltsy Regiments Nechayev and Protopopov, Lost in the Battle of Saladen 18/29 March 1703]. In Staryy Tseykhgauz, 52 (2/2013), pp. 3–13.
Vibe, P. P. (2008). K voprosu o pokhishchenii Annenkovym znameni druzhiny Ermaka [On the issue of the abduction of flag Ermak by Annenkov]. In Vibe, P. P. & Nazartseva, T. M. (Comp.) Izvestiya Omskogo gosudarstvennogo istoriko-kraevedcheskogo muzeya, 14, pp. 285–290. Omsk.
Vilinbakhov, G. V. (1982). Russkie znamena XVII v. s izobrazheniem edinoroga [Russian Banners of the XVIIth century with the Image of a Unicorn]. In Soobshcheniya Gosudarstvennogo Ermitazha (Iss. IIIL). Leningrad.
Yakovlev, L. P. (1865). Russkie starinnye znamena [Old Russian Banners]. In Drevnosti Rossiyskogo gosudarstva. Dopolnenie k III Otd. (Part 2: Podrobnaya opis′ russkikh starinnykh znamen). Moscow.
Загрузки
Опубликован
2016-04-06
Как цитировать
Petrov, A. (2016). «Знамя Ермака» из собрания оружейной палаты: легенда и факты. Quaestio Rossica, 4(1), 157–169. https://doi.org/10.15826/qr.2016.1.147
Выпуск
Раздел
Vox redactoris
