The Bykasov Family in the Context of Political Investigation (Siberia, Late 16th Century)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15826/qr.2023.3.828Keywords:
“words and deeds”, Russian state of the 16th–17th centuries, Bykasovs, Siberian exile, Stable Prikaz, case of the Shuysky princesAbstract
This study of “words and deeds” as a type of crime began over a hundred years ago. This well-known formula proceeded from the public obligation of the population to protect the sovereign and their family from any evil intentions. This phenomenon began to develop on Russian soil as early as the mid-fifteenth century and is present in a wide range of documents: secured or affirmed deeds; the sovereign’s grants to Siberian foreigners; letters of commendation with a golden seal, issued to those who lived in the recently annexed territories with a predominantly non-Orthodox population, as well as territorial entities that were formally part of the Muscovite State; state oaths. It is believed that the cases of the sovereign’s “words and deeds” have been preserved since the seventeenth century, their mentions known since earlier times. However, the lists found in the materials of the Siberian Prikaz from the mandate letters of 1599 to the Tobolsk voivode stolnik S. F. Saburov about the investigation of the accusation of “words and deeds” of the Tobolsk children of the boyars Bykasov suggests that such materials from the sixteenth century are yet to be studied. However, to detect them, it is necessary to significantly expand the range of documents under consideration and not be limited, as before, only to the materials of the Razryad Prikaz. The materials analysed are the remains of the most ancient case identified on charges of sovereign’s “words and deeds”. The Bykasov family mentioned in it, served as the sovereign’s grooms in the tsar’s stables at least from the early sixteenth century. Andrei Timofeevich Bykasov was involved in the case of the Shuysky princes in 1586, for which all his relatives were exiled to Siberian cities. At the end of the Time of Troubles, A. T. Bykasov became a stable officer of the Stable Prikaz, which compensated him and his brothers for the trials that they had had to go through.
References
Akty istoricheskie, sobrannye i izdannye Arkheograficheskoyu komissieyu v 5 t. [Historical Acts Collected and Published by the Archaeographic Commission. 5 Vols.]. (1841). St Petersburg, Ekspeditsiya zagotovleniya gosudarstvennykh bumag. Vol. 2. 614 p.
Akty Moskovskogo gosudarstva v 3 t. [Acts of the Moscow State. 3 Vols.]. (1890). St Petersburg, Tipografiya Akademii nauk. Vol. 1. 802 p.
Akty yuridicheskie, ili Sobranie form starinnogo deloproizvodstva [Legal Acts or a Collection of Ancient Records Management Forms]. (1838). St Petersburg, Tipografiya Vtorogo Otdeleniya Sobstvennoi Ego Imperatorskogo Velichestva Kantselyarii. 509 p.
Akty, otnosyashchiesya k istorii Zapadnoi Rossii, sobrannye i izdannye Arkheograficheskoyu komissiei v 5 t. [Acts Related to the History of Western Russia Collected and Published by the Archaeographic Commission. 5 Vols.]. (1848). St Petersburg, Tipografiya Vtorogo Otdeleniya Sobstvennoi Ego Imperatorskogo Velichestva Kantselyarii. Vol. 2. 444 p.
Ankudinov, A. Yu. (Ed.). (2013). Akty Novgorodskogo Vyazhishchskogo monastyrya kontsa XV – nachala XVII v. [Acts of the Novgorod Vyazhishchi Monastery of the Late 15th – Early 17th Centuries]. Moscow, Rukopisnye pamyatniki Drevnei Rusi. 264 p.
Antonov, A. V. (2001). Kostromskie monastyri v dokumentakh XVI – nachala XVII veka [Kostroma Monasteries in Documents of the 16th – Early 17th Centuries]. In Russkii diplomatarii. Moscow, Drevlekhranilishche. Iss. 7, pp. 52–218.
Antonov, A. V. (2002). Chastnye arkhivy russkikh feodalov XV – nachala XVII veka [Private Archives of Russian Feudal Lords of the 15th – Early 17th Centuries]. In Russkii diplomatarii. Moscow, Drevlekhranilishche. Iss. 8. 656 p.
Antonov, A. V. (2004a). Poruchnye zapisi 1527–1571 godov [Surety Records from 1527–1571]. In Russkii diplomatarii. Moscow, Drevlekhranilishche. Iss. 10, pp. 8–79.
Antonov, A. V. (2004b). Prigovornaya gramota 1566 goda [Sentence Deed from 1566]. In Russkii diplomatarii. Moscow, Drevlekhranilishche. Iss. 10, pp. 171–183.
Antonov, A. V., Baranov, K. M. (Eds.). (1997). Akty sluzhilykh zemlevladel’tsev XV – nachala XVII veka v 4 t. [Acts of Service Landowners of the 15th – Early 17th Centuries. 4 Vols.]. Moscow, Arkheograficheskii tsentr. Vol. 1. 432 p. (2002). Moscow, Drevlekhranilishche. Vol. 3. 680 p.
Antonov, A. V., Mashtafarov, A. V. (Eds.). (2019). Akty Pokrovskogo suzdal’skogo devich’ego monastyrya XVI – nachala XVII veka [Acts of the Intercession Suzdal Convent of the 16th – Early 17th Centuries]. Moscow, Svyaz’ epokh. 464 p.
Belyaev, L. A. (1995). Drevnie monastyri Moskvy po dannym arkheologii [Ancient Monasteries of Moscow According to Archaeology]. Moscow, Institut arkheologii RAN. 458 p.
Belyaev, L. A. (2012). Nekropol’ Danilova monastyrya v XVIII–XIX vekakh: istorikoarkheologicheskie issledovaniya (1983–2008) [Necropolis of Danilov Monastery in the 18th–19th Centuries: Historical and Archaeological Research (1983–2008)]. Moscow, Danilov muzhskoi monastyr. 503 p.
Belyakov, A. V. (2022a). Zhalovannye gramoty za zolotoi pechat’yu: istoriya bytovaniya i areal rasprostraneniya (ob ordynskoi preemstvennosti v voprose investitury) [Grants with a Golden Seal: The History of Existence and Distribution Area (on the Horde Succession in the Issue of Investiture)]. In Zolotoordynskoe obozrenie. Vol. 10. No. 1, pp. 184–211. DOI 10.22378/2313-6197.2022-10-1.184-211.
Belyakov, A. V. (2022b). Organizatsiya upravleniya v Moskovskom gosudarstve XV – nachala XVII v. na vnov’ prisoedinennykh territoriyakh s preimushchestvenno ne russkim naseleniem [Organisation of Management in the Muscovite State in the 15th – Early 17th Centuries in the Newly Annexed Territories with a Predominantly Non-Russian Population]. In Drevnyaya Rus’. Voprosy medievistiki. No. 3, pp. 64–80. DOI 10.25986/IRI.2022.8.89.007.
Butsinskii, N. N. (1889). Zaselenie Sibiri i byt pervykh ee nasel’nikov [The Settlement of Siberia and the Life of Its First Inhabitants]. Kharkov, Tipografiya Gubernskogo pravleniya. 345 p.
Dobzhanskii, V. N. (2020). Nakazy i nakaznye pamyati tsarya Borisa Fedorovicha Godunova tobol’skim voevodam S. F. Saburovu i A. F. Tret’yakovu 1599 goda kak istochnik po istorii Sibiri kontsa XVI veka [Orders and Mandates in Memory of Tsar Boris Fedorovich Godunov to the Tobolsk Governors S. F. Saburov and A. F. Tretyakov in 1599 as a Source on the History of Siberia in the Late 16th Century]. In Uchenye zapiski Muzeya-zapovednika „Tomskaya pisanitsa”. No. 12, pp. 154–198.
Kisterev, S. N. (2003). Akty moskovskogo Chudova monastyrya 1507–1606 godov [Acts of the Moscow Chudov Monastery of 1507–1606]. In Russkii diplomatarii. Moscow, Drevlekhranilishche. Iss. 9, pp. 59–234.
Koroleva, M. V. (2020). Protsedura gosudarstvennoi prisyagi v Rossii XVII v. [The Procedure of the State Oath in Russia in the 17th Century]. In Drevnyaya Rus’. Voprosy medievistiki. No. 4. pp. 73–82. DOI 10.25986/IRI.2020.82.4.004.
Lileev, N. V. (1891). Simeon Bekbulatovich, khan Kasimovskii, velikii knyaz’ vseya Rusi, vposledstvii velikii knyaz’ tverskoi. 1567–1616 gg. Istoricheskii ocherk [Simeon Bekbulatovich, Khan of Kasimov, Grand Prince of All Rus’, Later Grand Prince of Tver. 1567–1616. Historical Sketch]. Tver, Tipografiya Gubernskogo pravleniya. 124 p.
Liseitsev, D. V., Rogozhin, N. M., Eskin, Yu. M. (2015). Prikazy Moskovskogo gosudarstva XVI–XVII vv. Slovar’-spravochnik [Orders of the Moscow State of the 16th–17th Centuries. Reference Dictionary]. Moscow, St Petersburg, Tsentr gumanitarnykh initsiativ. 303 p.
Novgorodskie zapisnye kabal’nye knigi 100–104 i 111 godov (1591–1596 i 1602–1603 gg.) [Novgorod Bondage Books of 100–104 and 111 (1591–1596 and 1602–1603)]. (1938). Moscow, Leningrad, Izdatel’stvo Akademii nauk SSSR. 446 p.
Novombergskii, N. Ya. (1911). Slovo i delo gosudarevy (protsessy do izdaniya Ulozheniya Alekseya Mikhailovicha 1649 goda) v 2 t. [The Words and Deeds of the Sovereign (Processes before the Publication of the Code of Alexei Mikhailovich in 1649). 2 Vols.]. Moscow, Pechatnya A. I. Snegirevoi. Vol. 1. 593 p.
Novombergskii, N. Ya. (1919). “Slovo i Delo” [“Words and Deeds”]. In Izvestiya Tomskogo universiteta. Book 68, pp. 1–288.
Ogloblin, N. N. (1901). Obozrenie stolbtsov i knig Sibirskogo prikaza (1592–1768 gg.) v 4 ch. [Review of Columns and Books of the Siberian Order (1592–1768). 4 Parts]. Moscow, Universitetskaya tipografiya. Part 4. 287 p.
Opisanie Gramot Kollegii ekonomii v 3 t. [Description of Deeds of the Collegium of Economy]. (2018). Moscow, Drevlekhranilishche. Vol. 2. 1394 p.
OR RGB [Department of Manuscripts of the Russian State Library]. Stock 256 (Sobranie N. P. Rumyantseva). No. 47.85
Pamyatniki diplomaticheskikh snoshenii v 10 t. [Monuments of Diplomatic Relations. 10 Vols.]. (1851). St Petersburg, Tipografiya Vtorogo Otdeleniya Sobstvennoi Ego Imperatorskogo Velichestva Kantselyarii. Vol. 1. 852 p.
Pamyatniki istorii Vostochnoi Evropy v 9 t. [Monuments of the History of Eastern Europe. 9 Vols.]. (2009). Moscow, Warsaw, Drevlekhranilishche. Vol. 8. 683 p.
Pavlov, A. P. (2018). Dumnye i komnatnye lyudi tsarya Mikhaila Romanova: prosopograficheskoe issledovanie v 2 t. [Duma and Chamber People of Tsar Mikhail Romanov: A Prosopographic Study. 2 Vols.]. St Petersburg, Dmitrii Bulanin.
Pavlov-Sil’vanskii, V. B. (1986). Yavochnyi spisok votchinnykh vladenii Moskovskogo uezda pistsov 1584–1586 gg. T. A. Khlopova “s tovarishchi” [Inventory of Patrimonial Possessions of the Moscow Uyezd of Scribes in 1584–1586. of T. A. Khlopov “and Comrades”]. In Istochnikovedenie otechestvennoi istorii, 1984. Moscow, Nauka, pp. 239–253.
Pistsovye knigi Moskovskogo gosudarstva [Scribes of the Moscow State]. (1872). St Petersburg, Imperatorskoe russkoe geograficheskoe obshchestvo. Vol. 1. 924 p. Vol. 2. 1598 p.
Pistsovye knigi Novgorodskoi zemli v 6 t. [Cadastres of Novgorod Land. 6 Vols.]. (1999). Moscow, Arkheograficheskii tsentr. Vol. 1. 428 p. (2004). Moscow, Pamyatniki istoricheskoi mysli. Vol. 2. 632 p.
Pistsovye knigi Ryazanskogo kraya XVII veka v 3 t. [Scribes of Ryazan Krai of the 17th Century. 3 Vols.]. (1998). Ryazan, Uzoroche. Vol. 1. Iss. 3. 688 p.
Pistsovye knigi Vostochnogo Zamoskvorech’ya [Cadastres of Eastern Zamoskvorechye]. (2007). Moscow, Pamyatniki istoricheskoi mysli. 541 p.
Ponomareva, I. G. (2016). O proiskhozhdenii moskovskikh “ukreplennykh” gramot [On the Origin of Moscow “Affirmed” Deeds]. In Arkheograficheskii ezhegodnik za 2012 god. Moscow, Russkii fond sodeistviya obrazovaniyu i nauke, pp. 64–75.
PSRL – Polnoe sobranie russkikh letopisei [Complete Collection of Russian Chronicles]. Vol. 1–46–. (1841–2018–). St Petersburg, Moscow. Vol. 13. 544 p. Vol. 14. 600 p. Vol. 22. Part 1. 568 p.
Razryadnaya kniga 1550–1636 gg. v 2 t. [Rank Book 1550–1636. 2 Vols.]. (1975). Moscow, Institut istorii SSSR. Vol. 1. 331 p.
RGADA [Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts]. Stock 214 (Sibirskii prikaz). List 1. Book 1, 2.
Russkoe srednevekovoe nadgrobie: materialy k svodu [Russian Medieval Tombstones: Materials for a Compendium]. (2006). Iss. 1. Moscow, Nauka. 359 p.
Sadikov, P. A. (1950). Ocherki po istorii Oprichniny [Essays on the History of Oprichnina]. Moscow, Leningrad, Izdatel’stvo Akademii nauk SSSR. 594 p.
Shumakov, S. A. (1912). Obzor “Gramot kollegii ekonomii” [Overview of the “Deeds of the Collegium of Economy”]. Moscow, Sinodal’naya tipografiya. Iss. 3. 259 p.
SIRIO [Collection of the Russian Historical Society]. (1882). St Petersburg, Tipografiya F. Eleonskogo. Vol. 35. 952 p.
Slugina, V. A., Konev, A. Yu. (2020). “Zhalovannoe slovo” v nakazakh sibirskim voevodam. K voprosu o proiskhozhdenii i evolyutsii formulyara [“Grants” in Orders to the Siberian Governors. On the Origin and Evolution of the Form]. In Aktual’nye problem otechestvennoi istorii, istochnikovedeniya i arkheografii. Novosibirsk, Institut istorii Sibirskogo otdeleniya RAN, pp. 183–193.
Solodkin, Ya. G. (2005). Pervye tobol’skie ssyl’nye [The First Tobolsk Exiles]. In Slovtsovskie chteniya – 2005. Tyumen, Izdatel’stvo Tyumenskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, pp. 59–61.
Solodkin, Yа. G. (1998). O nachal’nom etape sibirskoi ssylki (konets XVI – nachalo XVII v.) [On the Initial Stage of the Siberian Exile (Late 16th – Early 17th Centuries)]. In “Mira na uznaesh’, ne znaya kraya svoego”. Zapadnaya Sibir’: Istoriya i sovremennost’. Kraevedcheskie zapiski. Iss. 1. Nizhnevartovsk, S. n., pp. 13–28.
Sotnitsy, gramoty i zapisi [Comments, Letters, and Records]. (1911). Moscow, Sinodal’naya tipografiya. Iss. 6. 126 p.
Spisok oprichnikov Ivana Groznogo [List of the Oprichniki of Ivan the Terrible]. (2003). St Petersburg, RNB. 152 p.
Sukhotin, L. M. (1911). Zemel’nye pozhalovaniya v Moskovskom gosudarstve pri tsare Vladislave, 1610–1611 gg. [Land Grants in the Muscovite State under Tsar Vladislav, 1610–1611]. Moscow, Obshchestvo istorii i drevnostei rossiiskikh. 184 p.
Tysyachnaya kniga 1550 g. i Dvorovaya tetrad’ 50-kh godov XVI v. [The Thousandth Book of 1550 and the Yard Notebook of the 1550s]. (1950). Moscow, Leningrad, Izdatel’stvo Akademii nauk SSSR. 456 p.
Ul’yanovskii, V. I. (1993). Rossiya v nachale Smuty: ocherki sotsial’no-politicheskoi
istorii i istochnikovedeniya v 2 ch. [Russia at the Beginning of the Time of Troubles: Essays on Socio-Political History and Source Studies. 2 Parts]. Kiev, UMKVOKU. Part 2. 368 p.
Uspenskii, A. I. (1912). Stolbtsy byvshego Arkhiva oruzheinoi palaty [Columns of the Former Archive of the Armoury]. Moscow, Obshchii arkhiv Ministerstva imperatorskogo dvora. Iss. 1. 240 p.
Ustinova, I. A. (2014). Deloproizvodstvennye dokumenty patriarshikh prikazov 1-i poloviny XVII v.: prikhodnaya kniga patriarshego Kazennogo prikaza 1640/1641 g. Ch. 2. [Office Documents of the Patriarchal Orders of the 1st Half of the 17th Century: The Receipt Book of the Patriarchal State Order of 1640/1641. Part 2]. In Vestnik tserkovnoi istorii. No. 3–4, pp. 5–97.
Veselovskii, S. B. (1913). Akty pistsovogo dela: materialy dlya istorii kadastra i pryamogo oblozheniya v Moskovskom gosudarstve v 3 t. [Acts of Scribal Business: Materials for the History of the Cadastre and Direct Taxation in the Muscovite State. 3 Vols.]. Moscow, Obshchestvo istorii i drevnostei rossiiskikh. Vol. 1. 666 p.
Veselovskii, S. B. (1963). Issledovaniya po istorii oprichniny [Research on the History of the Oprichnina]. Moscow, Izdatel’stvo Akademii nauk SSSR. 539 p.
Vkladnaya i kormovaya kniga Moskovskogo Simonova monastyrya [Deposit and Alimentation Book of the Moscow Simonov Monastery]. (2006). In Vestnik tserkovnoi istorii. No. 3, pp. 5–186.
Vyazemskie pistsovye knigi knyazya Ivana Fedorovicha Volkonskogo 1627 goda [Vyazemsky Registers of Prince Ivan Fedorovich Volkonsky 1627]. (1883). Vyazma, S. n. 65 p.
Zapisnye votchinnye knigi Pomestnogo prikaza 1626–1657 godov [Patrimonial Register Books of the Domestic Prikaz of 1626–1657]. (2010). Moscow, Drevlekhranilishche. 1660 p.
Zimin, A. A. (1964). Oprichnina Ivana Groznogo [Oprichnina of Ivan the Terrible]. Moscow, Mysl’. 535 p.
Zimin, A. A. (1986). V kanun groznykh potryasenii [On the Eve of Terrible Upheavals]. Moscow, Mysl’. 333 p.
