…The French king wrote to our Sovereign about love: Henry III de Valois and the Emperors of Muscovy
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15826/qr.2020.3.505Keywords:
history of sixteenth-century Russia; history of sixteenth-century France; Franco-Russian relations; Ivan IV; Fyodor I; Henry III de Valois; Livonian War; religious wars; northern tradeAbstract
This article is an analytical review of five letters by King Henry III of France and Poland to the Russian tsars Ivan IV and Fyodor I between 1574 and 1588. The author reconstructs their content based on extant sources from archive collections in Russian and French libraries. The appendix provides evidence about the attribution of one of Henry III’s letters from 1588, which was previously considered to have been addressed to Fyodor by Henry IV de Bourbon in 1589: its transcription based on three copies with a Russian translation. Based on the materials of royal and diplomatic correspondence, the article also traces the evolution of relations between the monarchs of the two countries in the second half of the sixteenth century.
References
Allaire, B. (1995). Le commerce de fourritures à Paris et le pelleteries d’origine canadienne en France (1500–1632). Thèse PhD. Québec, Univ. Laval. 370 p.
Berger de Xivrey, J., Guadet, J. (Eds.). (1843–1876). Recueil des lettres missives de Henri IV : in 9 t. Paris, Imprimerie royale/nationale/impériale. Vol. 3. 876 p. Vol. 4. 1079 p. Vol. 7. 956 p.
BnF. Ms. Fr. 3304; Ms. Fr. 5765; Ms. Fr. 15452; Ms. Fr. 17174; Ms. Fr. 20231–20264; Ms. Fr. 31306.
Boitsov, M. A. (2015). Razlichnye vzglyady na posol’stvo Ivana IV k imperatoru Maksimilianu v 1576 g. [Various Views on the Embassy of Ivan IV to Emperor Maximilian in 1576]. In Boitsov, M. A. (Ed.). Srednevekovaya Evropa. Vostok i Zapad. Moscow, Izdatel’skii dom Vysshei shkoly ekonomiki, pp. 327–366.
Borel d’Hauterive, A. (Ed.). (1860). Annuaire de la noblesse de France. Paris, Au bureau de publ. 436 p.
Boucher, J. (1986). La cour de Henri III. Paris, Ouest-France Univ. 218 p.
Bricka, C. F. (Ed.). (1901). Indberetninger fra Charles de Dançay til det franske Hof om Forholdene i Norden 1567–1573. Copenhagen, I kommission hos C. A. Reitzel. 266 p.
Bulatov, V. N. (1999). Russkii Sever v 5 kn. [The Russian North. 5 Books]. Arkhangelsk, Izdatel’stvo Pomorskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Book 3. Pomor’e (XVI – nachalo XVIII v.). 336 p.
Carrère d’Encausse H. La Russie et la France. (2019). Paris, Fayard. 444 p.
Combes, F. (1856). Histoire générale de la diplomatie européenne, histoire de la diplomatie slave et scandinave, suivie des négociations de Ponce de La Gardie, diplomate et général Suédois au XVIe s. Paris, Tinterlin. 420 p.
Correspondance de Charles de Dantzai, ministre de France à la cour de Dannemark (1575–1586). (1824). Stockholm, Elmén et Granberg. 547 p.
Daussy, H. (2015). Un diplomat Huguenot au service de la couronne de France: Charles de Danzay, ambassadeur au Danemark (1548–1589) [Diplomat and Huguenot in the Service of the French Crown: Charles de Danzay, Ambassador to Denmark (1548‒1589)]. In Religiya. Tserkov’. Obshchestvo. Iss. 4, pp. 198–227.
Delavaud, L. (1911). Les Français dans le Nord. Rouen, E. Gagniard. 110 p.
Desjardins, A. (Ed.). (1862). Négotiations diplomatiques de la France avec la Toscane (1574–1589) : in 6 t. Paris, Imprimerie Impériale. Vol. 4. 891 p.
Durot, E., Schwarcz, I., Shishkin, V. (2019). V poiskakh soyuznikov: poslanie Genrikha II Valua Ivanu IV Vasil’evichu [Searching for Allies: A Letter from Henry II de Valois to Ivan IV]. In Quaestio Rossica. Vol. 7. No. 3, pp. 871–900. DOI 10.15826/qr.2019.3.413.
Erusalimskii, K. Yu., Schwarcz, I. (2018). Missiya Zhdana Kvashnina v Svyashchennoi Rimskoi imperii. K istorii rossiisko-imperskikh otnoshenii XVI veka [Zhdan Kvashnin’s Mission in the Holy Roman Empire. On the History of Russian-Imperial Relations of the 16th Century]. In Studia Slavica et Balcanica Petropolitana. No. 1 (23), pp. 71–104. DOI 10.21638/11701/spbu19.2018.103.
Florya, B. N. (1973). Torgovlya Rossii so stranami Zapadnoi Evropy v Arkhangel’ske (konets XVI – nachalo XVII v.) [Russia’s Trade with Western European Countries in Arkhangelsk (Late 16th – Early 17th Centuries)]. In Srednie veka. Iss. 36. Moscow, Leningrad, Izdatel’stvo Akademii nauk SSSR, pp. 129–151.
François, M., Barbiche, B., Zuber, H., Boucher, J. (Eds.). (1959–2018). Lettres de Henri III, roi de France, recueillies par Pierre Champion : in 8 t. Paris, Librairie C. Klincksieck, Honoré Champion, Société de l’histoire de France. Vol. 1. 386 p. Vol. 2. 507 p. Vol. 3. 535 p. Vol. 4. 373 p. Vol. 5. 375 p. Vol. 6. 423 p. Vol. 8. 483 p.
Gellard, M. (2014). Une reine épislolaire. Lettres et pouvoir au temps de Catherine de Médicis. Paris, Classiques Garnier. 736 p.
Gross, G. W. C. (2019). Ivan IV and Elizabeth I : The Influence of the Tsar’s Matrimonial Endeavours on the Development of Russo–English Relations. In Vestnik RUDN. Seriya: Istoriya Rossii. Vol. 18. No. 4, pp. 938–961. DOI 10.22363/2312-8674-2019-18-4-938-961.
Historica Russiae Monumenta. Akty istoricheskie, sobrannye i izdannye Arkheograficheskoi komissiei [Historica Russiae Monumenta. Historical Records Collected and Published by the Archaeographic Commission]. (1841). Vol. 1 (1334–1598). St Petersburg, Tipografiya ekspeditsii zagotovleniya gosudarstvennykh bumag. 551 p.
Izvestiya anglichan o Rossii XVI v. Posol’stvo E. Bausa [News of the English about Russia of the 16th Century. Embassy of Bowes] / transl. by S. M. Seredonin. (1884). In ChOIDR. No. 4. Moscow, Izdatel’stvo Moskovskogo universiteta, pp. 96–105.
Kalmykow, A. (1964). A 16th Century Russian Envoy to France. In Slavic Rev. Vol. 23. No. 4. Dec., pp. 701–705.
La Ferrière, H. de. (1880–1943). Lettres de Catherine de Medicis : in 11 t. Paris, Imprimerie Nationale. Vol. 1. 725 p. Vol. 2. 500 p. Vol. 4. 384 p.
Lapteva, T. A. (1996). Pervoe posol’stvo Rossii vo Frantsii [The First Russian Embassy in France]. In Istoricheskii arkhiv. No. 1, pp. 172–202.
Larin, B. A. (1948). Parizhskii slovar’ moskovitov 1586 g. [Parisian Dictionary of Muscovites, 1586]. Riga, Latviiskii gosudarstvennyi universitet. 212 p.
Lurie, Ya. S. (1958). Izvestie o Varfolomeevskoi nochi v russkikh posol’skikh delakh XVI v. [News about the St Bartholomew Day’s Massacre in the Russian Embassy’s Documents of the 16th Century]. In Voprosy istorii, religii i ateizma. No. 6, pp. 216–230.
Malinowski, Th. (2018). L’élection de 1573, cet événement «qui n’avoit esté veu de nostre temps». In Le Roux, N., Magnien-Simonin, C. (Eds.). Seizième siècle. No. 14. 2018. Henri, roi de Pologne. Genève, Droz, pp. 19–30.
Mélanges de diverses lettres des rois Henri II, Charles IX et Henri III, 1501–1600. (N. d.). In BnF : [website]. Département des manuscrips. Dupuy, 937. Fol. 203v–204r. URL: https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b10033873w/f216.item.r=henri%20III%20Moscovie (mode of access: 12.03.2020).
Mervaud, M. (1986). Un normand en Russie au XVIe siècle. Le voyage du Dieppois Jehan Sauvage. In Études Normandes. 35e année. No. 2. Léopold S. Senghor et la Normandie – L’Université dans sa région – André Marie, pp. 38–52.
Michaud, H. (1962). Les registres de Claude Pinart, secrétaire d’État (1570–1588). In Bibliothèque de l’École de Chartes. No. 120, pp. 130–152.
Mund, S. (2008). The Discovery of Muscovite Russia in Tudor England. In Rev. belge de philologie et d’histoire. Vol. 86. Fasc. 2, pp. 351–373. DOI 10.3406/rbph.2008.7474.
Pamyatniki diplomaticheskikh snoshenii Drevnei Rossii s derzhavami inostrannymi. Imperiya Rimskaya (1488–1594) v 10 t. [Artefacts of Diplomatic Relations between Medieval Russia and Foreign States. The Holy Roman Empire. 10 Vols.]. (1851). St Petersburg, Tipografiya Vtorogo Otdeleniya Sobstvennoi Ego Imperatorskogo Velichestva Kantselyarii. Vol. 1. 1620 col.
Paris, L. (Ed.). (1834). La chronique de Nestor, accompagnée de notes et d’un recueil de pieces inédites touchant les anciennes relations de la Russie avec la France : in 2 t. Paris, Heideloff et Campé. T. 1. 482 p.
Rambaud, A. (Ed.). (1890). Recueil des instructions, données aux ambassadeurs et ministres de France. Russie : in 31 t. Paris, F. Alcan. Vol. I (VIII). 499 p.
Recueil de copiers de pieces, des règnes de Henri III et Henri IV / Dépêches au roi de Fez, à l’Empereur de Moscovie, à la reine d’Angleterre. In Bibliothèque de l’Arsenal. Ms–4239. Fol. 173v–174r.
Registre contenant le formulaire des lettres écrites, au nom des rois Henri III et Henri IV, par Paul Phélypeaux, comte de Pontchartrain, de 1588 à 1594, en son jeune âge, étant près M. de Revol, sécretaire d’État / Dépesches à plusieurs princes et seigneurs estrangers, tant pour restitution de navires que sur autres subjectz. (N. d.). In BnF. Département des manuscrips. Ms. Fr. 5765. Fol. 90r-v.
RGADA [Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts]. Stock 35. List 1. Book 1; Stock 166 (Dela i sochineniya o titulakh). List 1. No. 14.
RNB [National Library of Russia]. Otdel rukopisei. P. P. Dubrovsky’s Collection. Autograph 62. No. 61.
Rogozhin, N. M. (1989). Dela posol’skie [Embassy Affairs]. In Chistyakova, E. V. (Ed.). “Oko vsei Velikoi Rossii”. Ob istorii russkoi diplomaticheskoi sluzhby XVI–XVII vekov. Moscow, Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya. 240 p.
Rogozhin, N. M. (2000). Dialog veroispovedanii v diplomatii srednevekovoi Rusi [The Dialogue of Religions in the Diplomacy of Medieval Russia]. In Drevnyaya Rus’. Voprosy medievistiki. No. 1, pp. 40–50.
Ryabov, S. M. (2018). Charles de Danzay: diplomat–rezident pri datskom dvore [Charles de Danzay: Resident Diplomat at the Danish Court]. In Sbornik materialov vserossiiskoi molodezhnoi nauchnoi konferentsii “Gumanitarnaya diplomatiya: lichnost’, sotsium i mir” (Ekaterinburg, 20–21 aprelya 2018 g.). Yekaterinburg, Izdatel’stvo Ural’skogo universiteta, pp. 124–129.
Shishkin, V. V. (2016). Perepiska nemetskikh knyazei s frantsuzskim dvorom vo vremya Religioznykh voin XVI veka (po materialam Rossiiskoi natsional’noi biblioteki) [Correspondence between German Princes and the French Court during the Religious Wars of the 17th Century (Based on the Materials of the National Library of Russia)]. In Srednie veka. No 77 (3–4). Moscow, Nauka, pp. 377–391.
Schmidt, S. O. (Ed.). (1977). Opis’ Arkhiva Posol’skogo prikaza 1626 goda v 2 ch. [Inventory of the Archive of the Posolsky Prikaz of 1626. 2 Parts]. Moscow, S. n. Part 1. 416 p.
Simonin, M. (Ed.). (2011). Dictionnaire des lettres françaises. Paris, Fayard. 1218 p.
SIRIO [Collection of the Russian Historical Society]. (1883). Vol. 38 : Pamyatniki diplomaticheskikh snoshenii drevnei Rossii s derzhavami inostrannymi. Pamyatniki diplomaticheskikh snoshenii Moskovskogo gosudarstva s Angliei. Ch. 1 (gody s 1581–1604) [Records of Diplomatic Relations between Medieval Russia and Foreign States. Records of Diplomatic Relations between the Muscovite State and England. Part 1. 1581–1604] / ed. by K. N. Bestuzhev-Ryumin. St Petersburg, Tipografiya V. S. Balasheva. 493 p.
SIRIO [Collection of the Russian Historical Society]. (1902). Doneseniya poslannikov Respubliki Soedinennykh Niderlandov [Reports of the Envoys of the Republic of the United Netherlands] / ed. by V. A. Kordt. St Petersburg, Kiev, Tipografiya S. V. Kul’zhenko. CCCXLVII, 243, [1], VIII p.
SSNE Database (Scotland and Scandinavia Project) [website]. URL: https://www.standrews.ac.uk/history/ssne/item.php?id=6559 (mode of access: 06.03.2020).
Teulet, A. (Ed.). (1840). Correspondance diplomatique de Bertrand de Salignac de la Motte-Fénelon : in 7 t. Paris, Londres, Techener. Vol. 2. 447 p. Vol. 5. 484 p.
Thevet, A. (2006). Histoire d’André Thevet Angoumoisin, Cosmographe du Roi, de deux voyages par luy faits aux Indes Australes, et Occidentales / éd. J.-C. Laborie, F. Lestringant. Genève, Droz. 496 p.
Turaeva-Tsereteli, E. (1911). Frantsuzskaya genealogiya XVI–XVII v. o russkikh gosudaryakh [A 16th–17th-Century French Genealogy of Russian Sovereigns]. In Sergeyu Fedorovichu Platonovu ucheniki, druz’ya i pochitateli. St Petersburg, Tipografiya Glavnogo upravleniya udelov, pp. 81–95.
Vianey, B. (2017). Puteshestvie Zhana Sovazha v Moskoviyu v 1586 godu [The Journey of Jean Sauvage to Muscovy in 1586]. Moscow, Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie. 505 p.
Wassenaer, N. van. (1622). Historisch verhael alder ghedenck – weerdichste geschiedenisse : 17 t. Amsterdam, Boeckvekooper. Vol. 8. 156 f.
Wrangel, F. U. (1891). Liste des diplomates français en Suède, 1541–1891. Stockholm, Imprimerie royale. 95 p.
Zhordaniya, G. (1959). Ocherki iz istorii franko-russkikh otnoshenii kontsa XVI i pervoi poloviny XVII vv. v 2 t. [Essays from the History of Franco-Russian Relations in the Late 16th – the First Half of the 17th Centuries. 2 Vols.]. Tbilisi, Izdatel’stvo Tbilisskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Vol. 1. 382 p.
Zimin, A. A. (1986). V kanun groznykh potryasenii [On the Eve of a Terrible Upheaval]. Moscow, Mysl’. 334 p.
