A Review of Literature on the Language Policy of Imperial Russia and the Modern Linguistic Situation
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15826/qr.2019.3.416Ключевые слова:
языковая политика; Россия в XIX – начале XX в.; языковое строительство; билингвизм; монолингвизм; кириллизация; язык межнационального общенияАннотация
Прослеживается национальная и языковая политика России с 1800 г. по начало XX в. на основе исторических, историографических, социологических и социолингвистических источников. «Устав об управлении инородцев» (1822), установивший систему управления коренными народами Сибири, был показателен для российской национальной политики. Он предписывал самоуправление этнических групп, полную веротерпимость, использование родных языков в официальных процедурах, школьном образовании и богослужении. После польских восстаний 1830–1831 и 1863 гг. политика в отношении национальных меньшинств изменилась, империя начала усиливать контроль западных регионов. Польский язык был запрещен в школах и изданиях за пределами Королевства Польша, в качестве альтернативы стали продвигаться литовский и белорусский языки, кириллическое письмо, радикальные проявления украинофилии подавлялись, распространились русские школы. Политика России демонстрировала динамические колебания, зависящие от внутриполитических условий и международной ситуации, – она носила либеральный характер в спокойное и процветающее время и становилась более авторитарной во времена внешних/внутренних угроз. Модель управления России национальными провинциями предполагала сохранение этнического и языкового разнообразия. В XX в. она привела к принципу демократического централизма в национальной политике СССР, автономии советских национальных республик, объединенных в единое централизованное многонациональное государство. Российская Федерация в значительной степени унаследовала свою нынешнюю национальную политику от имперской и советской моделей.
Библиографические ссылки
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Belikov, V. I., Krysin, L. P. (2001). Sotsiolingvistika [Sociolinguistics]. Moscow, Rossiiskii gosudarstvennyi gumanitarnyi universitet. 315 p.
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Gigin, V. F. (2005). Oklevetannyi, no ne zabytyi (Ocherk o M. N. Murav’eve-Vilenskom) [Slandered but not Forgotten (Essay on M. N. Muravyov-Vilensky)]. In Neman. Iss. 6, pp. 127–139.
Hult, F. (2003). English on the Streets of Sweden : An Ecolinguistic View of Two Cities and a Language Policy. In Working Papers in Educational Linguistics. Vol. 19. No. 1, pp. 43–63.
Ilyin, I. A. (1993). Sobranie sochinenii [Collected Works] : in 10 vols. / Comp.: Yu. T. Lisitsa. Moscow : Russkaya kniga. Vol. VI. 576 p.
Isaev, M. I. (1979). Yazykovoe stroitel’stvo v SSSR [Linguistic Construction in the USSR]. Moscow, Nauka. 350 p.
Іstorіya ukraїns’koї movi [History of the Ukrainian Language]. (2004). In Ukraїns’ka mova. Entsiklopedіya. Kyiv, Ukraїns’ka entsiklopediya, pp. 235–239.
Katkov, M. N. (2002). Slaby ne sily nashi, a slaby nashi mneniya. Neobkhodimo podavit’ vosstanie [Weak is not Our Power, Our Opinions are Weak. Need to Put down the Rebellion]. In Katkov, M. N. Imperskoe slovo. Moscow, Zhurnal “Moscow”, pp. 112–117.
Komi ASSR [Komi ASSR]. (1973). In Bol’shaya Sovetskaya entsiklopediya v 30 t. 3th Ed. Moscow, Sovetskaya entsiklopediya. Vol. 12, p. 505.
Levin, I. (1930). Materialy k politike tsarizma v oblasti pis’mennosti “inorodtsev” [Materials for the Policy of Tsarism in Writing of “Foreigners”]. In Kul’tura i pis’mennost’ Vostoka. Book 6. Baku, Gostipografiya “Krasnyi Vostok”, pp. 3–19.
Naumova, N. I. (Ed.). (1997). Natsional’naya politika v Rossii: istoriya i sovremennost’ [National Policy of Russia: History and Modernity]. Moscow, Russkii mir. 680 p.
Prinyat zakon ob izuchenii rodnykh yazykov [A Law Passed on the Study of Native Languages]. (N. d.). In Gosudarstvennaya Duma Federal’nogo sobraniya Rossiyskoi Federatsii [website]. URL: http://duma.gov.ru/news/27720/ (mode of access: 05.12.2018).
Richter, D. I. (1900). Materialy po voprosu o zemel’nom nadele byvshikh pomeshchich’ikh krest’yan i servitutakh v yugo- i severo-zapadnykh guberniyakh Rossii [Materials on Land Allotment of Former Serfs and Easement in South and North-Western Provinces of Russia]. In Vestnik finansov, promyshlennosti i torgovli. No. 39, pp. 589–591.
Sheiko, V. M., Tishevskaya, L. G. (2006). Istoriya ukrainskoi kul’tury. Uchebnoe posobie [History of Ukrainian Culture. Study Guide]. Kiev, Kondor. 264 p.
Stepanov, V. V. (2010). Podderzhka yazykovogo raznoobraziya v Rossiiskoi Federatsii [Support of the Linguistic Diversity in the Russian Federation]. In Etnograficheskoe obozrenie. No. 4, pp. 101–115.
Struve, N. (1960). The Russian Orthodox Church and Mission. In History’s Lessons for Tomorrow’s Mission : Milestones in the History. Geneva, World’s Student Christian Federation, pp. 105–118.
Sudakova, N. Ya. (1972). Iz istorii metodiki prepodavaniya russkogo yazyka v nerusskoi shkole [From the History of the Methodology of Teaching the Russian Language in a Non-Russian School]. Makhachkala, Daguchpedgiz. 248 p.
Tikhomirov, L. A. (1897). Varshava i Vil’no v 1863 godu [Warsaw and Vilna in 1863]. Moscow, S. n. 44 p.
Tuksaitova, R. (2016). Russkii yazyk v mul’tikul’turnom prostranstve Kazakhstana: gosudarstvennaya politika i obshchestvennye nastroeniya [The Russian Language in the Multicultural Space of Kazakhstan : State Policy and Public Mood]. In Quaestio Rossica. Vol. 4. No. 4, pp. 94–106. DOI 10.15826/qr.2016.4.193.
Ubryatova, E. I. (Ed.). (1982). Grammatika sovremennogo yakutskogo literaturnogo yazyka v 2 t. [Grammar of the Modern Yakut Literary Language. 2 Vols.]. Moscow, Nauka. Vol. 1. Fonetika i morfologiya. 496 p.
Ukrainofil’stvo [Ukrainophilia]. (1902). In Malyi entsiklopedicheskii slovar’ Brokgauza i Efrona v 4 t. [Brockhaus and Efron Small Encyclopaedic Dictionary. 4 Vols.]. (1907–1909). St Petersburg, Izdatel’stvo Brokgauza i Efrona. Vol. 4, pp. 635–638.
Ustav ob upravlenii inorodtsev [Charter on the Governance of Indigenous Peoples]. (1977). In Bol’shaya Sovetskaya entsiklopediya v 30 t. 3th Ed. Moscow, Sovetskaya entsiklopediya. Vol. 27, p. 126.
Vakhtin, N. B., Golovko, E. V. (2004). Sotsiolingvistika i sotsiologiya yazyka [Sociolinguistics and Sociology of Language]. St Petersburg, Gumanitarnaya akademiya. 388 p.
Vdovin, A. I. (2013). Russkie v XX veke. Tragedii i triumfy velikogo naroda [Russians in the 20th Century. The Tragedies and Triumphs of the Great Nation]. Moscow, Veche. 624 p.
Yazyki narodov SSSR [Languages of the Peoples of the USSR]. (1990). In Yartseva, V. N. (Ed.). Lingvisticheskii entsiklopedicheskii slovar’. Moscow, Sovetskaya entsiklopediya, pp. 613–615.
Zamyatin, K. (2012). The Education Reform in Russia and Its Impact on Teaching of the Minority Languages : An Effect of Nation-Building? In Journal on Ethnopolitics and Minority Issues in Europe. Vol. 11. No. 1, pp. 17–47.
Zekokh, U. S. (2001). Sistema skloneniya adygeiskogo yazyka [Adyghe Language Declension System]. 2nd Ed., add. Maikop, Adygeiskoe respublikanskoe knizhnoe izdatel’stvo. 204 p.
Alpatov, V. M. (2000). 150 yazykov i politika : 1917–1997. Sotsiolingvisticheskie problemy SSSR i postsovetskogo prostranstva [150 Languages and Politics : 1917–2000. Sociolinguistic Problems of the USSR and Post-Soviet Space]. Moscow, Kraft, Institut vostokovedeniya RAN. 224 p.
Anisimov, V. I. (1911, 2012). Nadely [Allotments]. In Dzhivelegov, A. K. et al. (Eds.). Velikaya reforma 19 fevralya 1861–1911. Russkoe obshchestvo i krest’yanskii vopros v proshlom i nastoyashchem v 6 t. Moscow : Tipografiya Tovarishchestva I. D. Sytina. Vol. 6, pp. 76–103.
Azerbaidzhanskaya SSR [Azerbaijan SSR]. (1969). In Bol’shaya Sovetskaya entsiklopediya v 30 t. 3th Ed. Moscow, Sovetskaya entsiklopediya. Vol. 1, p. 269.
Azerbaijan (N. d.). In Encyclopædia Britannica [website]. URL: https://www.britannica.com/place/Azerbaijan/Cultural-life (mode of access: 25.12.2018).
Belikov, V. I., Krysin, L. P. (2001). Sotsiolingvistika [Sociolinguistics]. Moscow, Rossiiskii gosudarstvennyi gumanitarnyi universitet. 315 p.
Dickens, M. (1988). Soviet Language Policy in Central Asia. In Internet Archive [website]. URL: http://www.oxuscom.com/lang-policy.htm (mode of access: 15.05.2019).
Gigin, V. F. (2005). Oklevetannyi, no ne zabytyi (Ocherk o M. N. Murav’eve-Vilenskom) [Slandered but not Forgotten (Essay on M. N. Muravyov-Vilensky)]. In Neman. Iss. 6, pp. 127–139.
Hult, F. (2003). English on the Streets of Sweden : An Ecolinguistic View of Two Cities and a Language Policy. In Working Papers in Educational Linguistics. Vol. 19. No. 1, pp. 43–63.
Ilyin, I. A. (1993). Sobranie sochinenii [Collected Works] : in 10 vols. / Comp.: Yu. T. Lisitsa. Moscow : Russkaya kniga. Vol. VI. 576 p.
Isaev, M. I. (1979). Yazykovoe stroitel’stvo v SSSR [Linguistic Construction in the USSR]. Moscow, Nauka. 350 p.
Іstorіya ukraїns’koї movi [History of the Ukrainian Language]. (2004). In Ukraїns’ka mova. Entsiklopedіya. Kyiv, Ukraїns’ka entsiklopediya, pp. 235–239.
Katkov, M. N. (2002). Slaby ne sily nashi, a slaby nashi mneniya. Neobkhodimo podavit’ vosstanie [Weak is not Our Power, Our Opinions are Weak. Need to Put down the Rebellion]. In Katkov, M. N. Imperskoe slovo. Moscow, Zhurnal “Moscow”, pp. 112–117.
Komi ASSR [Komi ASSR]. (1973). In Bol’shaya Sovetskaya entsiklopediya v 30 t. 3th Ed. Moscow, Sovetskaya entsiklopediya. Vol. 12, p. 505.
Levin, I. (1930). Materialy k politike tsarizma v oblasti pis’mennosti “inorodtsev” [Materials for the Policy of Tsarism in Writing of “Foreigners”]. In Kul’tura i pis’mennost’ Vostoka. Book 6. Baku, Gostipografiya “Krasnyi Vostok”, pp. 3–19.
Naumova, N. I. (Ed.). (1997). Natsional’naya politika v Rossii: istoriya i sovremennost’ [National Policy of Russia: History and Modernity]. Moscow, Russkii mir. 680 p.
Prinyat zakon ob izuchenii rodnykh yazykov [A Law Passed on the Study of Native Languages]. (N. d.). In Gosudarstvennaya Duma Federal’nogo sobraniya Rossiyskoi Federatsii [website]. URL: http://duma.gov.ru/news/27720/ (mode of access: 05.12.2018).
Richter, D. I. (1900). Materialy po voprosu o zemel’nom nadele byvshikh pomeshchich’ikh krest’yan i servitutakh v yugo- i severo-zapadnykh guberniyakh Rossii [Materials on Land Allotment of Former Serfs and Easement in South and North-Western Provinces of Russia]. In Vestnik finansov, promyshlennosti i torgovli. No. 39, pp. 589–591.
Sheiko, V. M., Tishevskaya, L. G. (2006). Istoriya ukrainskoi kul’tury. Uchebnoe posobie [History of Ukrainian Culture. Study Guide]. Kiev, Kondor. 264 p.
Stepanov, V. V. (2010). Podderzhka yazykovogo raznoobraziya v Rossiiskoi Federatsii [Support of the Linguistic Diversity in the Russian Federation]. In Etnograficheskoe obozrenie. No. 4, pp. 101–115.
Struve, N. (1960). The Russian Orthodox Church and Mission. In History’s Lessons for Tomorrow’s Mission : Milestones in the History. Geneva, World’s Student Christian Federation, pp. 105–118.
Sudakova, N. Ya. (1972). Iz istorii metodiki prepodavaniya russkogo yazyka v nerusskoi shkole [From the History of the Methodology of Teaching the Russian Language in a Non-Russian School]. Makhachkala, Daguchpedgiz. 248 p.
Tikhomirov, L. A. (1897). Varshava i Vil’no v 1863 godu [Warsaw and Vilna in 1863]. Moscow, S. n. 44 p.
Tuksaitova, R. (2016). Russkii yazyk v mul’tikul’turnom prostranstve Kazakhstana: gosudarstvennaya politika i obshchestvennye nastroeniya [The Russian Language in the Multicultural Space of Kazakhstan : State Policy and Public Mood]. In Quaestio Rossica. Vol. 4. No. 4, pp. 94–106. DOI 10.15826/qr.2016.4.193.
Ubryatova, E. I. (Ed.). (1982). Grammatika sovremennogo yakutskogo literaturnogo yazyka v 2 t. [Grammar of the Modern Yakut Literary Language. 2 Vols.]. Moscow, Nauka. Vol. 1. Fonetika i morfologiya. 496 p.
Ukrainofil’stvo [Ukrainophilia]. (1902). In Malyi entsiklopedicheskii slovar’ Brokgauza i Efrona v 4 t. [Brockhaus and Efron Small Encyclopaedic Dictionary. 4 Vols.]. (1907–1909). St Petersburg, Izdatel’stvo Brokgauza i Efrona. Vol. 4, pp. 635–638.
Ustav ob upravlenii inorodtsev [Charter on the Governance of Indigenous Peoples]. (1977). In Bol’shaya Sovetskaya entsiklopediya v 30 t. 3th Ed. Moscow, Sovetskaya entsiklopediya. Vol. 27, p. 126.
Vakhtin, N. B., Golovko, E. V. (2004). Sotsiolingvistika i sotsiologiya yazyka [Sociolinguistics and Sociology of Language]. St Petersburg, Gumanitarnaya akademiya. 388 p.
Vdovin, A. I. (2013). Russkie v XX veke. Tragedii i triumfy velikogo naroda [Russians in the 20th Century. The Tragedies and Triumphs of the Great Nation]. Moscow, Veche. 624 p.
Yazyki narodov SSSR [Languages of the Peoples of the USSR]. (1990). In Yartseva, V. N. (Ed.). Lingvisticheskii entsiklopedicheskii slovar’. Moscow, Sovetskaya entsiklopediya, pp. 613–615.
Zamyatin, K. (2012). The Education Reform in Russia and Its Impact on Teaching of the Minority Languages : An Effect of Nation-Building? In Journal on Ethnopolitics and Minority Issues in Europe. Vol. 11. No. 1, pp. 17–47.
Zekokh, U. S. (2001). Sistema skloneniya adygeiskogo yazyka [Adyghe Language Declension System]. 2nd Ed., add. Maikop, Adygeiskoe respublikanskoe knizhnoe izdatel’stvo. 204 p.
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Опубликован
2019-09-27
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Shelestyuk, E. (2019). A Review of Literature on the Language Policy of Imperial Russia and the Modern Linguistic Situation. Quaestio Rossica, 7(3), 939–954. https://doi.org/10.15826/qr.2019.3.416
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