The Visualization of History: A New Turn in the Development of Historical Cognition
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15826/qr.2015.3.117Abstract
The author analyzes the transformational processes of historical research in the advent of a society of visual culture. The development of visual anthropology became the most obvious factor of the visual turn in historical research, and it studies different manifestations of visuality, using new tools for collecting and registering data (such as a video camera). The increasing popularity of historical films and documentaries, museum installations and historic reconstructions testify to the intensification of the processes of visualization in historical research. The article gives a brief overview of the main stages of the transformation of historical research, including changes in style of language, the expansion of subject matter of research, the update of the resource base and analysis methods in relation to visual sources. The author emphasizes that there is a tendency among historians to use a wide variety of terms that are related to the visual approach (image, appearance, portrait, landscape, etc.).
The author focuses on the methodological and methodical aspects of historical-visual studies and considers the methodological approaches towards image reconstruction, mechanisms of image formation, the display of images and the influence of social consciousness and behavior on images. The increase in the amount of modern historical sources is caused by the increasing use of audio-visual sources. Special attention is paid to fictional films as a subtype of audio-visual documents; the author describes their potential and peculiarities of representation. It is noted that when analyzing video documents, it is necessary that the researcher take into account the character of information (images of the present and past). Films based on topics belonging to the same epoch as the researchers are the most attractive ones for analyzing as they contain a considerable amount of information reflecting the peculiarities of material culture, behavioral models and relationships as well as social types.
The author demonstrates that to study audio-visual sources it is necessary to use special methods, namely, the method of observation. The article studies its essence, and the methods of its adaptation to the analysis of audio-visual documents. Additionally, the article characterizes the main stages in the employment of the method when analyzing video documents. The study of visual sources forms special skills needed to work with information.
References
Bart, R. & Kosikov, G. K. (Comp., transl. from Fr., Foreword). (1989). Ritorika obraza [Rhetoric of the Image]. In Izbranny′e raboty′: Semiotika: Poe′tika. 616 p. Moscow, Progress.
Blok, M. (1986). Apologiya istorii ili remeslo istorika [The Apologia of History or the Craft of an Historian]. (2nd ed.). 259 p. Moscow, Nauka.
Centr vizual′noj antropologii MGU [The Moscow State University Centre of Visual Anthropology]. Available at: http://visant.etnos.ru/about/project.php (accessed:11.06.2013).
Dashkova, T. (1999). Vizual′naya interpretaciya zhenskogo tela v sovetskoj massovoj kul′ture 30-h godov [The Visual Interpretation of a Woman’s Body in the Soviet Mass Culture of the 1930s]. In Logos, 11/12 (21), pp. 131–155.
Dashkova, T. Yu. (2004). Lyubov′ i by′t v kinofil′mah 1930 — nachala 1950-h gg. [Love and Everyday Life in the Films of the 1930s – Early 1950s]. In Sekirinskij, S. S. (Ed). Istoriya strany′. Istoriya kino (pp. 218–234). Moscow, Znak.
Dimoni, T. M. (2004). «Predsedatel′»: sud′by′ poslevoennoj derevni v kinokartine pervoj poloviny′ 1960-h gg. [The Chairman: The Life of the Postwar Village in the Films of the 1st Half of the 1960s]. In Sekirinskij, S. S. (Ed). Istoriya strany′. Istoriya kino (pp. 281–299). Moscow, Znak.
Girc, K. (2004). Interpretaciya kul′tur [The Interpretation of Cultures]. (Transl. from Eng.). 560 p. Moscow, Rossijskaya politicheskaya e′nciklopediya (ROSSPE'N).
Glavaczkaya, E. M. (2012). Fotodokumenty′ kak istoricheskij istochnik: opy′t atribucii, kriticheskogo analiza i nauchnogo citirovaniya [Photographic Documents as an Historical Source: An Attempt at Attribution, Critical Analysis and Scientific Citation]. In Izvestiya Ural′skogo federal′nogo universiteta. Seriya 2: Gumanitarny′e nauki, 1 (99), pp. 217–225).
Golovnyov, A. V. Kinoantroplogiya [Cinematographic Anthropology]. In Iskusstvo i nauka v sovremennom mire : Doklad na Mezhdunarodnoj konferencii, Moskva, 11 noyab. 2009 g. Available at: valerytishkov.ru/engine/documents/document1341.doc?(accessed:10.06.2013).
Golubev, A. V. (1999). Formirovanie obraza vneshnego mira v SSSR. 30-e gg. [Outer World Image Formation in the USSR, 1930s]. In Gorskogij, A. A. (Ed.). Rossijskaya mental′nost′: metody′ i problemy′ izucheniya: sbornik statej (pp. 7–33). Moscow, IRI RAN.
Golubev, A. V. & Porshneva, A. S. (2012). Obraz soyuznika v soznanii rossijskogo obshhestva v kontekste mirovy′h vojn [The Image of the Ally in the Consciousness of Russian Society in the Context of World Wars]. 392 p. Moscow, Novy′j hronograf.
Kazakova, V. I. (2011). Social′ny′j portret kak ob′′ekt fenomenologicheskogo analiza [A Social Portrait as an Object of Phenomenological Analysis]. In Vestnik Nizhegorodskogo universiteta im. N. I. Lobachevskogo. Seriya: Social′ny′e nauki, 1 (21), pp. 32–38.
Kny′sh, N. A. (2009). Obraz sovetskoj istoricheskoj nauki v pervoe poslevoennoe desyatiletie [The Image of Soviet Historical Science in the 1st Postwar Decade]. (A PhD Thesis in History). 250 p. Omsk.
Korzun, V. P. (2000). Obrazy′ istoricheskoj nauki na rubezhe XIX–XX vv. (analiz otechestvenny′h istoriograficheskih koncepcij) [The Image of Soviet Historical Science at the Turn of the 20th Century (An Analysis of Russian Historiographic Concepts)].226 p. Omsk & Ekaterinburg, OmGU.
Krasil′nikov, A. V. (2011). K voprosu issledovaniya fotodokumentov po istorii vsenarodnogo dvizheniya v pomoshh′ frontu vo vremya Velikoj Otechestvennoj vojny′ [On the Issue of Photographic Documents Study of the Popular Movement to Aid the Front during the Great Patriotic War]. In Vestnik voennogo universiteta, 3 (27), pp. 138–141.
Krutkin, V. L. (2007). Dzh. Rubi. Vizual′naya antropologiya [Visual Anthropology by J. Ruby]. In Yarskoj-Smirnovoj, E. Romanova, V. & Krutkina, V. Vizual′naya antropologiya: novy′e vzglyady′ na social′nuyu real′nost′: sbornik nauchny′h statej (pp. 398– 412). Saratov, Nauchnaya kniga.
Lappo-Danilevskij, A. S. (2006). Metodologiya istorii [The Methodology of History]. 472 p. Moscow, Territoriya budushhego.
Lejdinger, H. [Leidinger H.] (2014).Vizualizaciya vostochnogo fronta v avstrovengerskoj propagande Pervoj mirovoj vojny′ [Visualization of the Eastern Front in Austro-Hungarian World War I Propaganda]. In Quaestio Rossica, 1, pp. 112–128.
Levada, Yu. A. (Ed.) (1993). Sovetskij prostoj chelovek: opy′t social′nogo portreta na rubezhe 80–90-h [A Common Soviet Person: A Social Portrait at the Turn of the 1980–1990s]. 300 p. Moscow, Intercentr.
Lotman, Yu. M. (2000). Semiosfera [Semiosphere]. 704 p. Saint Petersburg, Iskusstvo-SPB.
MacDougall, D. & Taylor, L. (Ed.). (1998). Transcultural Cinema. Princeton, Princeton University Press.
Magidov, V. M. (2012). Vizual′naya antropologiya kak sociokul′turnoe yavlenie v retrospektive i perspektive sovremennogo istoricheskogo znaniya [Visual Anthropology as a Socio-cultural Phenomenon in Retrospective and Perspective of Modern Historical Knowledge]. Available at: http://www.mdn.ru/cntnt/blocksleft/menu_left/nacionalny/publikacii2/stati/v_m_magido.html (accessed: 01.07.2013).
Magidov, V. M. (2005). Kinofotofonodokumenty′ v kontekste istoricheskogo znaniya [Film and Photographic Documents in the Context of Historical Knowledge]. 394 p. Moscow, Izd-vo RGGU.
Mitchell, W. J. T. (1995). What is Visual Culture? In Lavin, I. (Ed.). Meaning in the Visual Arts: Views from the Outside. Princeton, NJ, Institute for Advanced Study.
Narskij, I. V. (2008). Fotokartochka na pamyat′ : Semejny′e istorii, fotograficheskie poslaniya i sovetskoe detstvo (Avtobio-istoriograficheskij roman) [A Photograph as a Keepsake: Modern Stories, Photographic Messages and Soviet Childhood]. 516 p. Chelyabinsk, E′nciklopediya.
Nikolaev, A. I. (2011). Osnovy′ literaturovedeniya : Uchebnoe posobie [Foundations of Literary Criticism: A Manual]. 255 p. Ivanovo, LISTOS.
Obolenskaya, S. V. (1991). Obraz nemca v russkoj narodnoj kul′ture XVIII–XIX vv. [The Image of Germans in the Russian Culture of the 18th – 19th Centuries]. In Odissej. Chelovek v istorii. Kul′turno-antropologicheskaya istoriya segodnya. 1991 (pp. 160–185). Moscow, Nauka.
Obraz [Image]. In Ozhegov, S. I. Tolkovy′j slovar′. Available at: http://lib.deport.ru/slovar/ojegov/o/1-obraz.html (accessed: 07.12.2014).
Obrezkova, N. V. (2011). Donskaya gorozhanka: social′ny′j portret i povsednevnost′ 1920-h godov [A Female Citizen of the Don Region: A Social Portrait and Everyday Life of the 1920s]. (A PhD Thesis in History). 254 p. Novocherkassk.
Ochevidnaya istoriya. Problemy2032 vizual'noj istorii Rossii XX stoletiya [An Obvious History. Issues of the Visual History of Russia of the 20th Century]. (2008). 476 p. Chelyabinsk, Kamenny′j poyas.
Panakova, Ya. (2007). Vizual′ny′e metody′: na puti k postizheniyu migracionnogo opy′ta [Visual Methods: On the Way towards Visual Image Comprehension]. In Zhurnal sociologii i social′noj antropologii, 10 (4), pp. 165, 161–177. Available at: www.old.jourssa.ru/2007/4/7aPanakova.pdf (accessed: 08.07.2013).
Pikhan, G. (2014). Moya Rossiya. Temy′ i obrazy′ [My Russia. Themes and Images]. In Quaestio Rossica, 1, pp. 36–52.
Porshneva, O. (2014). Image of the German enemy as perceived by Russian army soldiers during World War I. In Quaestio Rossica, 1, pp. 79–94.
Razlogov, K. (2010). Iskusstvo e′krana: ot sinematografa do internet [The Art of the Screen: From Cinematography to the Internet]. 287p. Moscow, ROSSPE′N.
Roberts, Gr. Imperial Visions: Packaging Design, Branding and National Identity in Contemporary Russia. Available at: https://www.academia.edu/5443570/Imperial_Visions_Packaging_Design_Branding_and_National_Identity_in_Contemporary_Russia(accessed: 21.01.2015).
Rodigina, N. I. (2006). «Drugaya Rossiya». Obraz Sibiri v russkoj zhurnal′noj presse vtoroj poloviny′ XIX — nachala XX veka [Another Russia: Images of Siberia in the Russian Magazines of the 2nd Half of the 19th – Early 20th Centuries]. 328 p. Novosibirsk, Izd-vo NGPU.
Rodnyanskaya, I. B. Hudozhestvenny′j obraz [Artistic Image]. In Bol′shaya sovetskaya e′nciklopediya. Available at: http://slovari.yandex.ru/~knigi/BSE'/Hudozhestvenny'j%20obraz/ (accessed: 08.12.2014).
Rossijskij festival′ antropologicheskih fil′mov [Russian Festival of Anthropological Films]. Available at: http://rfaf.ru/rus/video/203 (accessed: 15.12.2014).
Rubinina, Z. M. (2014). Semejny′j fotograficheskij arhiv kak istoricheskij istochnik (na primere arhiva sem′i Levickih iz kollekcii GIM) [Family Photographs as an Historical Source (with Reference to Levitsky Family Archive from the GIM Collection]. In Dialog so vremenem (Iss. 46, pp. 109–120).
Sekirinskij, S. S. (Ed., Comp., Foreword). (2004). Istoriya strany′. Istoriya kino [A History of the Country. A History of the Cinema]. Moscow, Znak.
Senyavskaya, E. S. (2006). Protivniki Rossii v vojnah XX veka. E′volyuciya obraza «vraga» v soznanii armii i obshhestva [Russia's Enemies in the 20th Century Wars. The Evolution of the Enemy's Image in the Consciousness of the Army and Society]. 288 p. Moscow, Rossijskaya politicheskaya e′nciklopediya (ROSSPE′N).
Senyavskij, A. S. & Senyavskaya, E. S. (2006). Istoricheskaya ime′dzhinologiya I problema formirovaniya «obraza vraga» (na materialah rossijskoj istorii XX v.) [Historical Imaginology and the Issue of Enemy’s Image Formation]. In Vestnik RUDN, 2 (6), pp. 54–72.
Shherbakova, E. I. (2011). Vizual′naya istoriya: osvoenie novogo prostranstva [Visual History: Exploration of New Spaces]. In Bordyugov, G. A. (Ed.) Istoricheskie issledovaniya v Rossii — III: Pyatnadcat′ let spustya (pp. 473–488). Moscow, AIRO-XXI.
Uchebno-nauchny′j centr vizual′noj antropologii i e′goistorii [Education and Scientific Centre of Visual Anthropology and Its History]. Available at: http://visantrop.rsuh.ru/ (accessed: 11.06.2014).
Usmanova, A. Vizual′ny′e issledovaniya kak issledovatel′skaya paradigm [Visual Research as a Research Paradigm]. Available at: http://viscult.ehu.lt/article.php?id=108 (accessed: 16.01.2013)
Utehin, I. & Paperno, S. & Ris, N. & Nahimovski A. (2007). Virtual′ny′j muzej sovetskogo by′ta «Kommunal′naya kvartira» [The Virtual Museum of Soviet Everyday Life “Communal Flat”]. Available at: http://kommunalka.colgate.edu (accessed: 15.06.2013).
Vizual′naya antropologiya: rezhimy′ vidimosti pri socializme [Visual Anthropology: Modes of Visibility under Socialism]. (2009). 448 p. Moscow, Variant & CSPGI.
Vorob′ev, S. V. (2004). Social′ny′j portret kommunistov Urala nachala 1920-h gg.: istochnikovedcheskoe issledovanie materialov Vserossijskoj perepisi chlenov RKP(b) 1922 g. [Social Portraits of Ural Communists of the Early 1920s: A Source Study of Materials of the All-Russian Census of RCP(b) Members]. (A PhD Thesis in History). Yekaterinburg.
Yarskoj-Smirnovoj, E. & Romanova, P. (Eds.). (2009). Vizual′naya antropologiya: nastrojka optiki [Visual Anthropology: Lenses Adjustment]. 296 p. Moscow, Variant &CSPGI.
Blok, M. (1986). Apologiya istorii ili remeslo istorika [The Apologia of History or the Craft of an Historian]. (2nd ed.). 259 p. Moscow, Nauka.
Centr vizual′noj antropologii MGU [The Moscow State University Centre of Visual Anthropology]. Available at: http://visant.etnos.ru/about/project.php (accessed:11.06.2013).
Dashkova, T. (1999). Vizual′naya interpretaciya zhenskogo tela v sovetskoj massovoj kul′ture 30-h godov [The Visual Interpretation of a Woman’s Body in the Soviet Mass Culture of the 1930s]. In Logos, 11/12 (21), pp. 131–155.
Dashkova, T. Yu. (2004). Lyubov′ i by′t v kinofil′mah 1930 — nachala 1950-h gg. [Love and Everyday Life in the Films of the 1930s – Early 1950s]. In Sekirinskij, S. S. (Ed). Istoriya strany′. Istoriya kino (pp. 218–234). Moscow, Znak.
Dimoni, T. M. (2004). «Predsedatel′»: sud′by′ poslevoennoj derevni v kinokartine pervoj poloviny′ 1960-h gg. [The Chairman: The Life of the Postwar Village in the Films of the 1st Half of the 1960s]. In Sekirinskij, S. S. (Ed). Istoriya strany′. Istoriya kino (pp. 281–299). Moscow, Znak.
Girc, K. (2004). Interpretaciya kul′tur [The Interpretation of Cultures]. (Transl. from Eng.). 560 p. Moscow, Rossijskaya politicheskaya e′nciklopediya (ROSSPE'N).
Glavaczkaya, E. M. (2012). Fotodokumenty′ kak istoricheskij istochnik: opy′t atribucii, kriticheskogo analiza i nauchnogo citirovaniya [Photographic Documents as an Historical Source: An Attempt at Attribution, Critical Analysis and Scientific Citation]. In Izvestiya Ural′skogo federal′nogo universiteta. Seriya 2: Gumanitarny′e nauki, 1 (99), pp. 217–225).
Golovnyov, A. V. Kinoantroplogiya [Cinematographic Anthropology]. In Iskusstvo i nauka v sovremennom mire : Doklad na Mezhdunarodnoj konferencii, Moskva, 11 noyab. 2009 g. Available at: valerytishkov.ru/engine/documents/document1341.doc?(accessed:10.06.2013).
Golubev, A. V. (1999). Formirovanie obraza vneshnego mira v SSSR. 30-e gg. [Outer World Image Formation in the USSR, 1930s]. In Gorskogij, A. A. (Ed.). Rossijskaya mental′nost′: metody′ i problemy′ izucheniya: sbornik statej (pp. 7–33). Moscow, IRI RAN.
Golubev, A. V. & Porshneva, A. S. (2012). Obraz soyuznika v soznanii rossijskogo obshhestva v kontekste mirovy′h vojn [The Image of the Ally in the Consciousness of Russian Society in the Context of World Wars]. 392 p. Moscow, Novy′j hronograf.
Kazakova, V. I. (2011). Social′ny′j portret kak ob′′ekt fenomenologicheskogo analiza [A Social Portrait as an Object of Phenomenological Analysis]. In Vestnik Nizhegorodskogo universiteta im. N. I. Lobachevskogo. Seriya: Social′ny′e nauki, 1 (21), pp. 32–38.
Kny′sh, N. A. (2009). Obraz sovetskoj istoricheskoj nauki v pervoe poslevoennoe desyatiletie [The Image of Soviet Historical Science in the 1st Postwar Decade]. (A PhD Thesis in History). 250 p. Omsk.
Korzun, V. P. (2000). Obrazy′ istoricheskoj nauki na rubezhe XIX–XX vv. (analiz otechestvenny′h istoriograficheskih koncepcij) [The Image of Soviet Historical Science at the Turn of the 20th Century (An Analysis of Russian Historiographic Concepts)].226 p. Omsk & Ekaterinburg, OmGU.
Krasil′nikov, A. V. (2011). K voprosu issledovaniya fotodokumentov po istorii vsenarodnogo dvizheniya v pomoshh′ frontu vo vremya Velikoj Otechestvennoj vojny′ [On the Issue of Photographic Documents Study of the Popular Movement to Aid the Front during the Great Patriotic War]. In Vestnik voennogo universiteta, 3 (27), pp. 138–141.
Krutkin, V. L. (2007). Dzh. Rubi. Vizual′naya antropologiya [Visual Anthropology by J. Ruby]. In Yarskoj-Smirnovoj, E. Romanova, V. & Krutkina, V. Vizual′naya antropologiya: novy′e vzglyady′ na social′nuyu real′nost′: sbornik nauchny′h statej (pp. 398– 412). Saratov, Nauchnaya kniga.
Lappo-Danilevskij, A. S. (2006). Metodologiya istorii [The Methodology of History]. 472 p. Moscow, Territoriya budushhego.
Lejdinger, H. [Leidinger H.] (2014).Vizualizaciya vostochnogo fronta v avstrovengerskoj propagande Pervoj mirovoj vojny′ [Visualization of the Eastern Front in Austro-Hungarian World War I Propaganda]. In Quaestio Rossica, 1, pp. 112–128.
Levada, Yu. A. (Ed.) (1993). Sovetskij prostoj chelovek: opy′t social′nogo portreta na rubezhe 80–90-h [A Common Soviet Person: A Social Portrait at the Turn of the 1980–1990s]. 300 p. Moscow, Intercentr.
Lotman, Yu. M. (2000). Semiosfera [Semiosphere]. 704 p. Saint Petersburg, Iskusstvo-SPB.
MacDougall, D. & Taylor, L. (Ed.). (1998). Transcultural Cinema. Princeton, Princeton University Press.
Magidov, V. M. (2012). Vizual′naya antropologiya kak sociokul′turnoe yavlenie v retrospektive i perspektive sovremennogo istoricheskogo znaniya [Visual Anthropology as a Socio-cultural Phenomenon in Retrospective and Perspective of Modern Historical Knowledge]. Available at: http://www.mdn.ru/cntnt/blocksleft/menu_left/nacionalny/publikacii2/stati/v_m_magido.html (accessed: 01.07.2013).
Magidov, V. M. (2005). Kinofotofonodokumenty′ v kontekste istoricheskogo znaniya [Film and Photographic Documents in the Context of Historical Knowledge]. 394 p. Moscow, Izd-vo RGGU.
Mitchell, W. J. T. (1995). What is Visual Culture? In Lavin, I. (Ed.). Meaning in the Visual Arts: Views from the Outside. Princeton, NJ, Institute for Advanced Study.
Narskij, I. V. (2008). Fotokartochka na pamyat′ : Semejny′e istorii, fotograficheskie poslaniya i sovetskoe detstvo (Avtobio-istoriograficheskij roman) [A Photograph as a Keepsake: Modern Stories, Photographic Messages and Soviet Childhood]. 516 p. Chelyabinsk, E′nciklopediya.
Nikolaev, A. I. (2011). Osnovy′ literaturovedeniya : Uchebnoe posobie [Foundations of Literary Criticism: A Manual]. 255 p. Ivanovo, LISTOS.
Obolenskaya, S. V. (1991). Obraz nemca v russkoj narodnoj kul′ture XVIII–XIX vv. [The Image of Germans in the Russian Culture of the 18th – 19th Centuries]. In Odissej. Chelovek v istorii. Kul′turno-antropologicheskaya istoriya segodnya. 1991 (pp. 160–185). Moscow, Nauka.
Obraz [Image]. In Ozhegov, S. I. Tolkovy′j slovar′. Available at: http://lib.deport.ru/slovar/ojegov/o/1-obraz.html (accessed: 07.12.2014).
Obrezkova, N. V. (2011). Donskaya gorozhanka: social′ny′j portret i povsednevnost′ 1920-h godov [A Female Citizen of the Don Region: A Social Portrait and Everyday Life of the 1920s]. (A PhD Thesis in History). 254 p. Novocherkassk.
Ochevidnaya istoriya. Problemy2032 vizual'noj istorii Rossii XX stoletiya [An Obvious History. Issues of the Visual History of Russia of the 20th Century]. (2008). 476 p. Chelyabinsk, Kamenny′j poyas.
Panakova, Ya. (2007). Vizual′ny′e metody′: na puti k postizheniyu migracionnogo opy′ta [Visual Methods: On the Way towards Visual Image Comprehension]. In Zhurnal sociologii i social′noj antropologii, 10 (4), pp. 165, 161–177. Available at: www.old.jourssa.ru/2007/4/7aPanakova.pdf (accessed: 08.07.2013).
Pikhan, G. (2014). Moya Rossiya. Temy′ i obrazy′ [My Russia. Themes and Images]. In Quaestio Rossica, 1, pp. 36–52.
Porshneva, O. (2014). Image of the German enemy as perceived by Russian army soldiers during World War I. In Quaestio Rossica, 1, pp. 79–94.
Razlogov, K. (2010). Iskusstvo e′krana: ot sinematografa do internet [The Art of the Screen: From Cinematography to the Internet]. 287p. Moscow, ROSSPE′N.
Roberts, Gr. Imperial Visions: Packaging Design, Branding and National Identity in Contemporary Russia. Available at: https://www.academia.edu/5443570/Imperial_Visions_Packaging_Design_Branding_and_National_Identity_in_Contemporary_Russia(accessed: 21.01.2015).
Rodigina, N. I. (2006). «Drugaya Rossiya». Obraz Sibiri v russkoj zhurnal′noj presse vtoroj poloviny′ XIX — nachala XX veka [Another Russia: Images of Siberia in the Russian Magazines of the 2nd Half of the 19th – Early 20th Centuries]. 328 p. Novosibirsk, Izd-vo NGPU.
Rodnyanskaya, I. B. Hudozhestvenny′j obraz [Artistic Image]. In Bol′shaya sovetskaya e′nciklopediya. Available at: http://slovari.yandex.ru/~knigi/BSE'/Hudozhestvenny'j%20obraz/ (accessed: 08.12.2014).
Rossijskij festival′ antropologicheskih fil′mov [Russian Festival of Anthropological Films]. Available at: http://rfaf.ru/rus/video/203 (accessed: 15.12.2014).
Rubinina, Z. M. (2014). Semejny′j fotograficheskij arhiv kak istoricheskij istochnik (na primere arhiva sem′i Levickih iz kollekcii GIM) [Family Photographs as an Historical Source (with Reference to Levitsky Family Archive from the GIM Collection]. In Dialog so vremenem (Iss. 46, pp. 109–120).
Sekirinskij, S. S. (Ed., Comp., Foreword). (2004). Istoriya strany′. Istoriya kino [A History of the Country. A History of the Cinema]. Moscow, Znak.
Senyavskaya, E. S. (2006). Protivniki Rossii v vojnah XX veka. E′volyuciya obraza «vraga» v soznanii armii i obshhestva [Russia's Enemies in the 20th Century Wars. The Evolution of the Enemy's Image in the Consciousness of the Army and Society]. 288 p. Moscow, Rossijskaya politicheskaya e′nciklopediya (ROSSPE′N).
Senyavskij, A. S. & Senyavskaya, E. S. (2006). Istoricheskaya ime′dzhinologiya I problema formirovaniya «obraza vraga» (na materialah rossijskoj istorii XX v.) [Historical Imaginology and the Issue of Enemy’s Image Formation]. In Vestnik RUDN, 2 (6), pp. 54–72.
Shherbakova, E. I. (2011). Vizual′naya istoriya: osvoenie novogo prostranstva [Visual History: Exploration of New Spaces]. In Bordyugov, G. A. (Ed.) Istoricheskie issledovaniya v Rossii — III: Pyatnadcat′ let spustya (pp. 473–488). Moscow, AIRO-XXI.
Uchebno-nauchny′j centr vizual′noj antropologii i e′goistorii [Education and Scientific Centre of Visual Anthropology and Its History]. Available at: http://visantrop.rsuh.ru/ (accessed: 11.06.2014).
Usmanova, A. Vizual′ny′e issledovaniya kak issledovatel′skaya paradigm [Visual Research as a Research Paradigm]. Available at: http://viscult.ehu.lt/article.php?id=108 (accessed: 16.01.2013)
Utehin, I. & Paperno, S. & Ris, N. & Nahimovski A. (2007). Virtual′ny′j muzej sovetskogo by′ta «Kommunal′naya kvartira» [The Virtual Museum of Soviet Everyday Life “Communal Flat”]. Available at: http://kommunalka.colgate.edu (accessed: 15.06.2013).
Vizual′naya antropologiya: rezhimy′ vidimosti pri socializme [Visual Anthropology: Modes of Visibility under Socialism]. (2009). 448 p. Moscow, Variant & CSPGI.
Vorob′ev, S. V. (2004). Social′ny′j portret kommunistov Urala nachala 1920-h gg.: istochnikovedcheskoe issledovanie materialov Vserossijskoj perepisi chlenov RKP(b) 1922 g. [Social Portraits of Ural Communists of the Early 1920s: A Source Study of Materials of the All-Russian Census of RCP(b) Members]. (A PhD Thesis in History). Yekaterinburg.
Yarskoj-Smirnovoj, E. & Romanova, P. (Eds.). (2009). Vizual′naya antropologiya: nastrojka optiki [Visual Anthropology: Lenses Adjustment]. 296 p. Moscow, Variant &CSPGI.
Downloads
Published
2015-10-01
How to Cite
Mazur, L. (2015). The Visualization of History: A New Turn in the Development of Historical Cognition. Quaestio Rossica, (3), 161–178. https://doi.org/10.15826/qr.2015.3.117
Issue
Section
Vox redactoris
