@article{Heyde_2014, title={Livonia under the Polish-Lithuanian commonwealth. The struggle for power and the social transformation}, url={https://qr.urfu.ru/ojs/index.php/qr/article/view/045}, DOI={10.15826/qr.2014.2.045}, abstractNote={<p>The article describes the controversial correlation of forces in Livonia’s fight to retain its status quo. The geopolitical situation caused Livonia, though a sovereign but highly dependent state, to gradually disappear. Livonia’s structure was far from monolithic; it was a complex of secular, church, order and city jurisdictions. There were estates that had either lost or acquired rights. Internationally, this European province, whose territory was being claimed by the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Sweden, Denmark, and Russia, was incapable of surviving in the intensifying political and military confrontations that dominated the region in the last third of the 17th century.<br><br></p>}, number={2}, journal={Quaestio Rossica}, author={Heyde, Jürgen}, year={2014}, month={Dec.}, pages={112–143} }